chapter 2

Question 1

organic compounds are divided into families based on characteristic _______ groups, which influence their molecular _______

Answer 1

funtional
properties

Question 2

the polarity of an individual bond is measured as its bond ______ moment

Answer 2

dipole

Question 3

The greater the _______ the greater the dipole moment
the more _______ the greater the dipole moment

Answer 3

electronegativity
bonds

Bonds more important that EN

Question 4

the value of a molecular dipole moment is equal to the _______ of the individual bond dipole moments

Answer 4

vector sum

Question 5

What are the 3 physical properties affected by the intermolecular forces?

Answer 5

1) molting point
2) boiling point
3) solubility

Question 6

What are the 3 types of intermolecular forces and rank them in order from weakest to strongest

Answer 6

1) London dispersion (weakest)
2) dipole dipole
3) hydrogen (strongest)

Question 7

Dipole-dipole is the attraction between two _______ molecules

Answer 7

polar

Question 8

In dipole-dipole, the _______ and _______ are attracted to each other

Answer 8

positive (partial positive) and negative (partial negative)

Question 9

In london dispersion, _______ molecules induce a _______ dipole moment on a nonpolar molecule when close to each other

Answer 9

polar
temporary

Question 10

In London dispersion, the greater the _______ of the molecule, the stronger the dispersion, which leads to a higher boiling point

Answer 10

surface area

Question 11

in Hydrogen bonding, a _______ atom attached to an _______ is attracted to the _______ on a different _______

Answer 11

H
NOF
lone pair
NOF

Question 12

The greater the strength of the hydrogen bond, the _______ the boiling point

Answer 12

higher

Question 13

What is the solubility rule?

Answer 13

like dissolves like

Question 14

In a polar solute + polar solvent solution, the salt will dissolve partly because of strong _______ and partly because of the increase in _______ when it dissolves

Answer 14

solvation (when water encapsulates each charge)
entropy

Question 15

in a nonpolar solute + nonpolar solvent solution, there is _______ change in energy, but large increase in _______

Answer 15

little
entropy

Question 16

Nonpolar substances that do not dissolve in water are called _______

Answer 16

hydrophobic

Question 17

Polar substances that readily dissolve in water are called _______

Answer 17

hydrophilic

Question 18

What are the two parts of organic molecules?

Answer 18

1) Carbon+Hydrogen backbone
2) functional groups

Question 19

What are the 3 classes of functional groups?

Answer 19

1) hydrocarbons (C+H)
2) compounds containing O
3) compounds containing N

Question 20

What is a heteroatom?

Answer 20

a name for something that is not a carbon or a hydrogen

Question 21

Majority of hydrocarbons are _______, so these compounds tend to be _______

Answer 21

nonpolar
hydrophobic

Question 22

What does the prefix cyclo mean?

Answer 22

inside ring

Question 23

oxygen-containing functional groups are much more _______ compared to hydrocarbons

Answer 23

polar

Question 24

the oxygen atoms can form H-bonds with H-bond donors such as _______, _______, and _______

Answer 24

alcohols, amines, water

Question 25

the nitrogen atom from Amine is _______ because it can accept hydrogen bonds from water

Answer 25

hydrophilic

Question 26

if Amine has N-H bonds, these can _______ hydrogen bonds to water

Answer 26

donate

Question 27

Amides form particularly strong _______

Answer 27

H-bonds

Question 28

What is the key to identifying functional groups?

Answer 28

find the largest group possible

Question 29

What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

Answer 29

proton donor

Question 30

What is the definition on a Bronsted-Lowry base?

Answer 30

proton acceptor

Question 31

A strong acid will have a _______ pKa value while a weak acid will have a _______ pKa value

Answer 31

small (often negative) big

Question 32

Acid-base reactions (disfavor/favor) the weaker acid and base

Answer 32

favor

Question 33

*The _______ reagent reacts _______*

Answer 33

strong first

Question 34

Water is _______; it can react with both an acid and a base

Answer 34

amphoteric

Question 35

Water _______ the possible ranges of acid strength to values of pKa > -1.7

Answer 35

narrows

Question 36

Determining the acidity of the compound: 1) to be a Bronsted-Lowry acid, a compound must contain a ___ atom that can be lost as a proton 2) the stability of the _______ is a good guide to acidity

Answer 36

1) H 2) conjugate base

Question 37

When determining the strongest acid, you must look at the Stability of the _______

Answer 37

conjugate base

Question 38

List the order in which atom electronegativity, inductive effect, hybridization, and resonance effect acidity strength

Answer 38

1) atom electronegativity 2) resonance (quality over quantity) 3) inductive effect (check order) 4) hybridization

Question 39

A more electronegative element can handle a _______ charge more easily giving a more stable conjugate base and stronger acid

Answer 39

negative

Question 40

Inductive effect: transmission of _______ through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent _______ moment

Answer 40

charge dipole

Question 41

What does EWG stand for? does its inclusion increase or decrease acidity?

Answer 41

electron-withdrawing group increase acidity

Question 42

EWG's contain a _______ which is what makes it an EWG

Answer 42

carbon with a partial positive or just an element with a full positive charge

Question 43

Stronger EWG = _______ acids multiple EWG = _______ acids

Answer 43

stronger stronger

Question 44

What does EDG stand for? does its inclusion increase or decrease acidity?

Answer 44

Electron donating decrease acidity

Question 45

EDG's contain _______ with the exception of the R group which adds through its bonds

Answer 45

lone pairs

Question 46

When determining acidity, first look at the _______ that the H in question is attached to. More _______ atoms are more likely to donate H+ making it a stronger acid

Answer 46

atom electronegative

Question 47

When comparing inductive effects what is the order you should do it?

Answer 47

1) look at the EN of the atom in question 2) look at the closest branch and determine EWG/EDG 3) look at strength then the the number of EWG or EDG 4) if strength and number are same look at the distance

Question 48

When determining the strength of a base, look at the _______. _______ and _______ = weaker base

Answer 48

base EWG Resonance

Question 49

What is the definition of a lewis acid?

Answer 49

an electron acceptor

Question 50

What is the definition of a lewis base?

Answer 50

an electron donor

Question 51

What is the acceptable name for lewis base?

Answer 51

nucleophile

Question 52

What is the acceptable name for lewis acid?

Answer 52

electrophile

Question 53

The curved-arrow formalism: shows the movement of an _______ from the electron donor to the electron acceptor

Answer 53

electron