Chapter 1 Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
During the 1970s psychological principles were applied to understand and improve health and health care. Expand on this
A
Emergence of fields of behavioural medicine and health psychology
2
Q
Behavioural Medicine
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A branch of medicine concerned with the relationships between health and behaviour
3
Q
Health Psychology (1980)
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The application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of illness as well as to people’ attempts to maintain health and well-being
4
Q
Early Stages of Health Psychology’s Development
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- Behaviourism (N. Miller)
- Cognition and Personality (Krantz)
- Coping Styles (S. Miller)
- Psychoneuroimmunology (Cohen & Hebert)
5
Q
Behaviourism
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- neil miller
Traced development of biomedical perspective on illness to the germ theory - Explained medical non-compliance by:
Gradient of reinforcement and Delayed gratification
6
Q
Germ Theory
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the discovery that many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria.
7
Q
What are two important developments that arose from the discovery of germ theory and gave rise to behavioural medicine?
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- antibiotics
- an emphases o the technical aspects of medicine replaced a consideration for emotional factors in health
8
Q
Gradient of Reinforcement
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the gradual weakening of a behaviour the further it gets in time from the reinforcement of that behaviour.
9
Q
Delayed Gratification
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a term used by behaviourists to describe a situation in which there is a time lag between a behaviour and its reinforcement.
10
Q
Asymptomatic
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someone who has not had the illness confirmed and has no symptoms
11
Q
Cognition and Personalty
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- Krantz & colleagues (1985) reviewed personality/cognitive factors in health
+ Stress and cognitive restructuring
+ Psychology of smoking
+ Relationship between cardiovascular health and behaviour
+ Eating disorders: biopsychosocial approach
+ Adherence: patient-physician communication
12
Q
Coping Styles
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- Rodin & Salovey (1989) focus on how people cope with all aspects of illness
- Coping styles (S. Miller, 1980) Monitors: information seekers Blunters: information avoiders
13
Q
Psychoneuroimmunology
A
- study of the relationship between psychological state and immune system functioning (Cohen & Hebert, 1996)
- Breakthrough tests of immunocompetence
- Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1987) looked at:
+ Marital conflict
+ Caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s - Baum & Posluszny (1999) review
14
Q
Summary of Early Stages
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- Same general topics but expansion of approaches to study them
- E.g., more cognitive approaches today
- Interventions integrate cognitive and behavioural theories
- Research is continuing and field is still developing
15
Q
Birth of Health Psychology
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- changing profiles of illnesses and health in Canada
- psychologist’s focus
- requires
16
Q
Leading Causes of Death
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1900: acute, infectious diseases - you catch it
1950: circulatory diseases & cancer
Still true in 2019, according to Statistics Canada
- disease is a lifestyle
- a shift to diseases of lifestyle
17
Q
Psychologist’s focus
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preventability of diseases through lifestyle change
shifted focus from cure to prevention
18
Q
Requires
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- learning new behaviours and unlearning old ones
- believing that one is capable of making the change
19
Q
Biopsychosocial Approach
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- a model suggesting that biological, psychological, and social factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness.
20
Q
Health Psychology Today
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- biopsychosocial approach
- prominent theories in health psychology
21
Q
Why is biopsychosocial approach important?
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encompasses all three major perspectives on causes of health and illness
biological + psychological + sociological
22
Q
What are the implications of the biopsychosocial approach?
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- demands clear communication between health care practitioners and social scientists as well as a mutual respect for the potential contributions each can make to health and health care
- clear communication
- mutual apprectication
23
Q
Biomedical Model
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an approach suggesting that health is best understood in terms of biology.
24
Q
Prominent Theories in Health Psychology
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Motivational Models
Behavioural Enaction Model
Multi-stage models
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Motivational models
a. Health Belief Model
b. Theory of Reasoned Action
c. Theory of Planned Behaviour
d. Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction
e. Common Sense Model
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Motivational Model
based on the assumption that behaviour follows intention—we must intend to do something before we will actually do it.
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Health Belief Model
a model that analyzes health behaviour in terms of the belief that a health threat exists and the belief that a given course of action will affect the threat.
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Two types of belief that influence the fundamental confidence you have that a course of action will reduce a threat
response efficacy belief
cost-gain belief
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Response efficacy belief
the perception that a threat- reducing strategy will work.
(e.g., a preventive behaviour or treatment)
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Cost gain belief
which refers to your assessment of the costs associated with this action (e.g., effort, discomfort, embarrass- ment, or inconvenience) compared to the benefit of the behaviour to your health. For example, if someone believes that the gains of exercise seem distant and minor com- pared to the costs, such as effort and short-term fatigue, then exercise behaviour is unlikely.
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Health Belief model predicts
- Predicts behaviour (above chance) based on person’s beliefs that ...
health threat exists
given course of action will affect the threat (efficacy belief + cost-gain belief)
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Health belief model can be applied to
HIV, self-examinations, etc.
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The Theory of Reasoned Action
a theory that behaviour is preceded by intention and that our intention is influenced by beliefs about the behaviour and subjective norms.
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Subjective norms
beliefs regarding what others think we should do and
the extent to which we are motivated to go along with these people.
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Theory of Reasoned action predicts
(better than HBM) condom use, cancer screening intention, etc.
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The Theory of Planned Behaviour
a theory that behaviour is preceded by intention, and that intention is influenced not only by subjective norms and beliefs about the efficacy of the behaviour, but also by the belief that one is actually capable of performing the behaviour.
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Three main sources of intention from the theory of planned behaviour
Attitudes toward the behaviour Subjective norms
Perceived behavioural control
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What does the theory of planned behaviour explain?
Helps to explain variation in intention and behaviour (e.g. teen alcohol use)
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Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction
- includes background variables
Demographic variables, culture, socioeconomic variables, media, individual difference variables
- Includes constraints and skills that affect ability to engage in behaviour
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Common Sense model
- Used to develop interventions to help people in coping with illness
+ Focuses on how people process and cope with health threats
+ Suggests that coping behaviour is guided by mental representations
+ Continuous feedback loop between illness identity, causes, consequences, timeline, and prognosis
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Behavioral Enaction Models
a. Gollwitzer’s Implementation Intention Model
b. Bagozzi’s Goal Theory
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Multi-stage models
a. Health Action Process approach (HAPA)
b. Stages of Change Mode
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Behaviorial Enaction Model
attempt to improve our ability to predict and affect behaviour by addressing the gap between intention and behaviour.
BRIDGING THE GAP
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Gollwitzer’s Implementation Intention Model
- contains many of the same elements as the motivational models
- posits that people who have an implementation plan are much more likely to engage in the behaviour. Such a plan indicates a higher level of commitment, just as when an organization strikes an implementation committee with a mandate to make something happen.
- Not surpris- ingly, research shows that such implementation plans do increase the likelihood that a behaviour will be enacted
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Bagozzi's Goal Theory
- considers a person’s thoughts about the nature of the goal and the expression of intentions about the goal. Is the goal something I can attain—for example, reduced alcohol consumption (Murgraff, Walsh, & McDermott, 2000)? How would I feel if I succeeded? If I failed?
- You will recognize these as questions about perceived control and cost–gain analysis. This form of cost–gain thinking, however, entertains the pos- sibility of fear of success and fear of failure.
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Multistage Model Definition
- provide a step-by-step explanation for how someone develops intention and then carries the intention through to behaviour, both short term and long term
- rigidity
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Multistage models
health action process approach (HAPA)
Stages of change model
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Stages of change model
- Model that outlines the stages in which people effect behaviour change
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Action Maintenance Termination
Relapse is acknowledged as a stage
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Health action process approach
an approach that divides health behaviours into a motivational phase and a volitional phase.
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Motivational stage
the person develops expectations regarding the outcomes being considered
the person also perceives control
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Volitional stage
people move to this stage when their answers to the motivational stage are positive
- planning, action, maintenance of change
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Individualist
focus on independence, self- reliance
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Collectivist
focus on greater whole
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Clinical and counselling psychologists
Work (often in health care settings) with people experiencing psychological problems associated with illness
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Research careers
conduct reaserch (often in academic institutions)
http://www.apa.org/journals/hea.html
Consult with health professionals
