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Psych 365 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunocompetence

A

The extent to which our immune system is functioning properly to ward of microorganisms

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2
Q

PNI - psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of the relationship between psychological states and the functioning of the immune system

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3
Q

What is included in PNI

A

psychology
nervous system
immune system

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4
Q

What is the importance of PNI to Health Psychology?

A
  • links psychology and health
  • bridges communication between social scientists and health care practicioners
  • Provides data in a form that makes sense to people whose training is biomedical in nature
  • increases credibility of health psychology
  • interdisciplinary research that examines and explains immune function in terms of biological, psychological, and social factors
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5
Q

Independent Variable

A
  • manipulated
  • some psychological state
  • naturally occurring or experimentally induced
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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A
  • variable we measure to determine if our treatment or manipulation has had any effect
  • form of measures of immunocompetence (counting cells or measuring cells in action)
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7
Q

Two ways to measure immunocompetence

A
  1. enumartive assay
  2. functional tests of immunity
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8
Q

Enumerative Assay

A

a lab test done to count cells (typically white blood cells) in the bloodstream)

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9
Q

What does the enumartive assay look at?

A
  1. minimum number of cells
  2. balance between various types of cells
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10
Q

Functional Tests of Immunity

A

tests done to assess the immune system at work

  1. in vivo
  2. in vitro
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11
Q

In Vivo

A

tests inside the body
measure antibody (AB production)

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12
Q

In Vitro

A

measure cell functions by removing them from the body and incubating them with other cells to see how the immune system cells respond

  • mitogen stimulates activity
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13
Q

Mitogen

A

a relatively harmless substance that stimulates immune cell activity as though the immune cell were acting against an invading cell or antigen.

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14
Q

How is NK cell activity measured?

A
  • measured though in vitro techniques
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15
Q

NK Cell Cytotoxic Assay

A

Test in which the proliferation (through counts of cells) and effectiveness of NK cells is measured after they have been exposed to diseased cells

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16
Q

NK cell lysis

A

Destroying tumour cells by exposing them to NK cells

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17
Q

In vivo tests of immunocompetence

A
  1. herpesvirus
  2. introduction of an antigen into the body either by injection or nasal spray
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18
Q

Herpesvirus

A

Suppression of the immune system increases the herpesviruses and the more antibodies

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19
Q

Higher AB counts for herpesvirus-specific antibodies indicate…

A

poorer immune-system function

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20
Q

introduction of an antigen into the body either by injection or nasal spray

A

count antigen specific antibodies in response to the injection

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21
Q

Skin is observed at the site of the infection…

A

If immune system is working
There should be swelling and redness - Appropriate amounts of inflammation are signs of a properly functioning immune system

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22
Q

More Ab indicate…

A

better immunocompetence

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23
Q

Methodological Issues in Measurement

A
  • short term vs. long term effects
  • many forms of immune-system function
  • statistical significance vs. clinical significance
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24
Q

Acute stressor

A

a stressor that is immediate in its duration and proximity

can enhance immune function

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25
Chronic Stressor
a stressor that is long-lasting in its duration and proximity
26
Statistically Significant
to prove that some aspect of immune functioning has been affected, we must be able to show that the difference in cell count or cytotoxic activity between groups of subjects is too large to have occurred by chance Less than 1 in 20 chance that the differences detected would occur without the experimental manipulation
27
Ideal
studies that measure symptoms and immune functioning together - take regular measurements - longitudinal
28
Stress Effects on Immune Functioning
Stress Lab research
29
Stress
Adverse condition in which the demands of a situation are perceived to be greater than our ability to cope with them
30
Lab research shows
- Acute stressors immediately inhibit an effective immune system response - Personality affects stress response - Stress has long-term effects on immunity
31
Linking Childhood Adversity with Poor Health
- early childhood experiences effect health across the entire lifespan
32
Biological Imbedding
Process by which experience has permanent effects on the expression of the genetic coding, and, subsequently, on a range of biological processes this coding effects
33
Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model
adverse experiences of early childhood impinge upon DNA and alters the immune system by permanently changing cells responsible for the regulation of inflammation.
34
Stress and UTRI
- Common illnesses (e.g., cold, flu) - Affected (worsened or started) by stress
35
Several factors interact to predict one’s response to stress
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Social support - Positive life events
36
True or False Particular types of stress affect specific aspects of immune functioning
true
37
In research, difficult to control amount of antigen exposure; but still suggests:
major life event ---> immunosuppression immunosuppression + exposer to UTRI = increased likelihood of sickness
38
Autoimmune Disease
the development of antibodies that attack the body's own tissue
39
Stress and Autoimmune Disease
- stress can increase risk of contracting, and worsen for those who have it - relaxation and meditation can lower pain in arthritis
40
Stress and Cancer
- NK cells protect against cancer - major life stress sometimes affect cancer - stress can worsen cancer but not predispose someone to develop cancer
41
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
one of a collection of illnesses such as colds, coughs, and bronchitis
42
Stress-intrusion score
a measure of the impact of a stressful life event on a person's life
43
Stress Reduction Interventions and Immune Functioning
- cognitive behavioural management - pharmacological treatment - physical exercise - diet - stress reduction program
44
Effect of Depression on Immune Functioning
- negative life events can elicit a negative mood that threatens immune function
45
Depression is associated with...
- worse immune functioning - increased mortality risk for all patients - directionality is debated with immune functioning
46
Negative Mood and UTRI
- state vs trait
47
State
short term condition
48
Traits
enduring characteristics
49
Cohen et al. study (1995)
highstate negative affect associated with compromised immune systems
50
Depression and Cancer
- Depression predicts cancer mortality - Pessimism = related to lower survival - Negative mood states related to increased risk of contracting and dying of cancer - Immunocompetence does not provide the whole explanation
51
Depression and heart health
- Depression as possible risk factor for heart disease and related mortality - Higher risk of first heart attack - Higher risk with major depression - Associated with reduced responsiveness of the immune system, reduced ability to deal with inflammation
52
Negative Mood and HIV Infection
- Commonly occur together - Depression associated with lower T-helper cell activity in HIV+ individuals when T-helper cell counts are high - Study of 6000 HIV-positive individuals: The more years of depression, the higher the mortality rate (Pence et al., 2018) - Depression impacts all aspects of HIV
53
Psychological states and traits affect our health and illness via:
- endocrine system - sympathetic nervous system - immune system - behaviour
54
Endocrine system
glucocorticoids
55
Sympathetic nervous system
reactivity hypothesis
56
Immune system
affected by cortisol and activation of HPA axis
57
Behaviour
ex. depression affect sleep
58
Hypothalamic-Pituitaty Adrenal Axis
chronic activation when stressor strong
59
Role of Inflammation
Cytokines extreme stress can result in excessive inflammation
60
Cytokines
proteins that increase the body's capacity to produce inflammations; they help to heal wounds and fight infections
61
Acute stress vs. long term stress
acute - can enhance immune function long term - weakens the immune system and increases inflammation

Psych 365 (6 decks)

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