chapter 1

Question 1

The _______________ system is responsible for integrating sensory information and initiating responses.

Answer 1

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 2

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is divided into the _______________ (fight or flight) and _______________ (rest and digest) systems.

Answer 2

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

Question 3

Sensory receptors detect information from the internal and external environment and transduce it into _______________ signals.

Answer 3

Electrochemical

Question 4

_______________ refers to the activation of sensory receptor cells by a stimulus.

Answer 4

Sensation

Question 5

_______________ is the CNS processing of afferent signals into meaningful patterns.

Answer 5

Perception

Question 6

Receptors can be _______________, which are neurons, or they can be specialized cells associated with neurons.

Answer 6

Neurons

Question 7

_______________ receptors are located near stimuli in the external environment, while _______________ receptors receive stimuli from internal organs.

Answer 7

Exteroceptor, Interoceptor

Question 8

The three functional receptor classifications include mechanoreceptors, _______________, and _______________.

Answer 8

Chemoreceptors, Photoreceptors

Question 9

Sensory modalities are divided into _______________ senses, which are distributed throughout the body, and _______________ senses, which are associated with a specialized organ.

Answer 9

General, Special

Question 10

Tonic receptors are always “on” and can increase or decrease their _______________ for the duration of the stimulus.

Answer 10

Action potential firing

Question 11

_______________ corpuscles respond to the onset and dissipation of pressure, detecting vibrations.

Answer 11

Pacinian

Question 12

The _______________ is the main structure involved in proprioception and prevents muscle overstretching.

Answer 12

Muscle spindle

Question 13

The five primary taste sensations are _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________.

Answer 13

Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami

Question 14

Taste receptors for salty flavors detect _______________ entry into the cell.

Answer 14

Sodium (Na⁺)

Question 15

The facial nerve (cranial nerve ____) transmits taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Answer 15

VII (7)

Question 16

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve ____) is responsible for transmitting taste from the extreme posterior of the tongue and the pharynx.

Answer 16

X (10)

Question 17

Airborne molecules bind to proteins in _______________, forming a complex that activates GPCRs in olfactory neurons.

Answer 17

Mucus

Question 18

The three small bones of the middle ear are the _______________, _______________, and _______________.

Answer 18

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Question 19

The cochlea detects sound frequencies ranging from _______________ Hz to _______________ Hz.

Answer 19

20, 20,000

Question 20

Higher frequency waves move the _______________ region of the cochlea, while lower frequency waves move the _______________ region.

Answer 20

Base, Apex

Question 22

The _______________ contains the mechanoreceptors that transduce sound waves into neural signals.

Answer 22

Organ of Corti

Question 23

The _______________ membrane moves in response to sound waves and helps determine pitch perception.

Answer 23

Basilar

Question 24

The _______________ is the fluid-filled tube in the cochlea that helps transmit sound vibrations.

Answer 24

Scala vestibuli

Question 25

The _______________ and _______________ in the vestibular system detect linear acceleration and head position.

Answer 25

Utricle, Saccule

Question 26

The _______________ canals are responsible for detecting rotational head movements.

Answer 26

Semicircular

Question 27

The _______________ nerve transmits auditory and balance information from the inner ear to the brain.

Answer 27

Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

Question 28

The _______________ of the eye provides most of the refraction necessary for focusing light on the retina.

Answer 28

Cornea

Question 29

The _______________ is the central part of the retina where visual acuity is highest.

Answer 29

Fovea

Question 30

The _______________ cells in the retina detect color vision.

Answer 30

Cone

Question 31

The _______________ cells in the retina detect low-light conditions and are important for night vision.

Answer 31

Rod

Question 32

The _______________ is the region of the retina where the optic nerve exits, creating a blind spot.

Answer 32

Optic disc

Question 33

The _______________ contains photoreceptor pigments that change conformation in response to light.

Answer 33

Retinal

Question 34

The _______________ control the shape of the lens to adjust focus for near or distant objects. ## Footnote starts with a C

Answer 34

Ciliary Muscles

Question 35

The _______________ is the point where some optic nerve fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Answer 35

Optic Chaism

Question 36

The _______________ of the brain is responsible for processing visual information.

Answer 36

Occipital Lobe

Question 37

The _______________ and _______________ are two main structures responsible for maintaining equilibrium and balance.

Answer 37

Vestibule, Semicircular canals

Question 38

The _______________ separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani.

Answer 38

Basilar Membrane

Question 39

The _______________ nerve is primarily responsible for relaying visual information to the brain.

Answer 39

Optic (CN II)

Question 40

The _______________ helps regulate light entering the eye by adjusting pupil size.

Answer 40

Iris

Question 41

The _______________ is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens for near and far vision.

Answer 41

Ciliary body