chapter 2 fitb cards

Question 1

The endocrine system works alongside the __________ system to regulate bodily processes.

Answer 1

nervous

Question 2

Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system has __________ responses.

Answer 2

slower, longer-lasting

Question 3

__________ is preserved through intercellular communication by the nervous and endocrine systems.

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

__________ signaling involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream.

Answer 4

Endocrine

Question 5

The three major structural classes of hormones are amine, __________, and lipid derivatives.

Answer 5

peptide

Question 6

__________ are derived from cholesterol and include sex steroids and glucocorticoids.

Answer 6

Steroids

Question 7

Water-soluble hormones circulate freely in __________.

Answer 7

blood plasma

Question 8

Lipid-soluble hormones travel bound to __________.

Answer 8

carrier proteins

Question 9

The presence or absence of a __________ determines hormonal sensitivity of a cell.

Answer 9

receptor

Question 10

Down-regulation occurs when a hormone causes a __________ in the number of receptors.

Answer 10

decrease

Question 11

Amino acid and peptide hormones bind to __________ receptors because they are not lipid-soluble.

Answer 11

extracellular

Question 12

Most extracellular receptors are __________ receptors.

Answer 12

G protein-coupled

Question 13

The __________ gland is also called the hypophysis.

Answer 13

pituitary

Question 14

The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior pituitary, which is __________, and the posterior pituitary, which is neural.

Answer 14

glandular

Question 15

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the __________.

Answer 15

infundibulum

Question 16

The posterior pituitary releases __________ and oxytocin.

Answer 16

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

ADH increases water reabsorption in the __________.

Answer 17

kidneys

Question 18

The anterior pituitary releases hormones under control of the __________.

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

The hypothalamus releases __________ hormones and __________ hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

Answer 19

releasing, inhibiting

Question 20

Growth hormone (GH) is inhibited by __________.

Answer 20

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 21

An overproduction of GH in childhood leads to __________.

Answer 21

gigantism

Question 22

GH hypersecretion after puberty leads to __________.

Answer 22

acromegaly

Question 23

The thyroid gland produces the hormones __________ and __________.

Answer 23

T3, T4

Question 24

A deficiency of iodine can lead to __________.

Answer 24

goiter

Question 25

An autoimmune condition that leads to hyperthyroidism is called __________.

Answer 25

Graves' disease

Question 26

The thyroid gland also produces __________, which lowers blood calcium levels.

Answer 26

calcitonin

Question 27

The four __________ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid.

Answer 27

parathyroid

Question 28

The parathyroid glands secrete __________ to increase blood calcium levels.

Answer 28

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 29

The adrenal glands lie on top of the __________.

Answer 29

kidneys

Question 30

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones called __________.

Answer 30

corticosteroids

Question 31

The adrenal medulla releases __________ and __________.

Answer 31

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 32

The zona glomerulosa produces __________, which helps regulate sodium and potassium balance.

Answer 32

aldosterone

Question 33

The zona fasciculata produces __________, which are involved in glucose metabolism and stress responses.

Answer 33

glucocorticoids

Question 34

The pancreas has both __________ and __________ functions.

Answer 34

endocrine, exocrine

Question 35

Pancreatic alpha cells produce __________, which raises blood glucose levels.

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

Pancreatic beta cells produce __________, which lowers blood glucose levels.

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

__________ diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Answer 37

Type 1

Question 38

__________ diabetes is associated with insulin resistance.

Answer 38

Type 2

Question 39

Diabetes insipidus results from a lack of or insensitivity to __________.

Answer 39

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 40

The pineal gland produces __________, which regulates circadian rhythms.

Answer 40

melatonin

Question 41

The heart releases __________ peptides in response to high blood pressure.

Answer 41

natriuretic

Question 42

The kidneys release __________ to stimulate red blood cell production.

Answer 42

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 43

The hormone __________, produced by adipose tissue, helps regulate appetite.

Answer 43

leptin

Question 44

The thymus releases __________, which promotes lymphocyte development.

Answer 44

thymosin

Question 45

The hypothalamus exerts direct control over the __________ medulla.

Answer 45

adrenal