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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Many government laboratories are trying to find

A

natural enzymes and to genetically engineer enzymes that can make a cost-effective biofuel

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2
Q

Research recieving federal support is regulated by

A

Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS

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3
Q

facilities management, information technology (IT) support, and public relations are usually required to have

A

usually required to have an associate’s degree and are often required to have a bachelor’s degree in a discipline related to the work conducted in the laboratory. Occasionally, the job may require only a high school diploma and include training toward a two-year degree.

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4
Q

In the field of biotechnology, scientists study

A

how biological processes work, develop methods to investigate biological processes, and use biological knowledge to develop products and processes for the biotechnology industry

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5
Q

A clinical scientist is required to have

A

a bachelor’s degree, a graduate degree, or a specialized certification.

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6
Q

A clinical scientist performs

A

all levels of work in biomedical research.

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7
Q

An engineer is required to have

A

a bachelor’s degree, although some positions require a graduate degree.

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8
Q

Biological engineers (also called biomedical engineers and bioengineers) use

A

science and math to solve biological problems and have formal training in both engineering and in life sciences.

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9
Q

Biotech draws on…..

A

It draws on knowledge and techniques from many of the biological sciences, such as genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, and microbiology.

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10
Q

Biotechnology also draws on many nonbiological fields of study, such as

A

engineering, chemistry, physics, and information technology.

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11
Q

Biotechnology incorporates a set of tools and techniques to help solve a multitude of problems. These tools can be

A

biological, chemical, instrumentation, or software

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12
Q

The process of manipulating genes is called

A

genetic engineering

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13
Q

chromatography resins

A

bind proteins based on particular properties of the proteins. This allows them to be purified from other cellular components.

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14
Q

Applied research tools include…

A

cell culture and cell expression techniques to understand how cells function, grow, divide, and die.

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15
Q

Researchers also use recombinant DNA technique to discover…

A

how genes and proteins function

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16
Q

Microbiomics

A

investigates the microbiome, all microorganisms living in a place at the same time.

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17
Q

What make up the largest segment of the biotechnology industry?

A

Healthcare-related products

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18
Q

Currently, the biotechnology companies that generate the most revenue are those that develop

A

biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, and diagnostic tools and tests

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19
Q

From start to finish, drug development can take

A

10-15 years

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20
Q

To minimize the risk of spending years and millions of dollars pursuing a drug that won’t wor

A

scientists first work to confirm the role of the target in the disease process.

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21
Q

Once a target has been identified

A

many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies use automated high-throughput tools and techniques to screen thousands of drug-candidate molecules

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22
Q

Once a lead candidate has been identified

A

it goes through extensive testing and development through chemical engineering

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23
Q

They also use various techniques to determine

A

whether the drug candidate is likely to cause dangerous side effects

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24
Q

Most biological drugs are…

A

biopharmecuticals

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25
Biopharmaceuticals, are
proteins that are larger and more complex than traditional small-molecule drugs. They are expensive.
26
Bioreactors
large production tanks to grow stuff
27
Producing any drug requires
involves quality control activities
28
involves quality control activities
This ensures that both the drug and production process meet the specifications that were reviewed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for safety and effectiveness.
29
biotechnological advancements will enable patients
to submit tissue samples and receive a treatment regimen designed specifically for them.
30
One of the first pharmacogenomics
Herceptin
31
Why is it a pharmacogenomic?
Herceptin works only in cancers that have a mutation in a specific gene, HER2.
32
What is another type of pharmacogenomic (personalized medicine)
Immunotherapy. It uses parts of a person's immune system to fight diseases such as cancer.
32
What is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy?
involves collecting and using a patient's own immune cells to treat their cancer. The patient's T-cells are engineered to recognize and target specific types of cancers.
33
research is being conducted
to explore using animals to produce organs for transplant into humans.
34
Microbiological techniques can be used to
identify the cause of an infection, and this allows the appropriate therapy to be prescribed.
35
Biotechnology has helped
to speed up diagnoses
35
specialized microbial media have been developed
to identify disease-causing bacteria quickly.
36
Many of these traits are being "stacked" on top of one another by interbreeding plants to
produce varieties with multiple genetically engineered properties.
37
The use of subtherapeutic doses in animal feed or water to promote growth and improve feed efficiency has been banned in Europe since
2006
38
the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act bill was introduced by U.S in
In 2007 and 2009
38
What did the act bill propose?
to phase out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed.
39
When was the use of subtheraputic drug banned?
January 1, 2017
40
In ___________, controversy surrounded the FDA when it was deciding whether genetically engineered salmon could be sold to U.S. consumers?
2010
41
Scientists at the biotechnology company Pfizer isolated the calf chymosin gene and inserted it into
E. coli
42
When did the FDA approve putting the calf chymosin gene into smth?
1990
43
This genetically engineered chymosin has
higher purity than animal rennet and produces more consistent cheese with less waste than an equivalent amount of crude calf stomach extract.
44
Petrochemical
are used to manufacture plastics, and plastic waste creates an environmental problem because plastics do not degrade.
45
Bioethanol
is one type of fuel, and it can be produced by alcoholic fermentation of the sugars stored within plants and algae using microbes like yeast.
45
Biodiesel
another biofuel produced from vegetable oils.
46
As part of the Energy Independence and Security Act
the U.S. government dedicated billions of dollars to biofuel development.
47
Oxidizing sulfur compounds and iron are being used to leach minerals such as copper from mine waste piles (tailings) or low-grade ore in a process called
Bioprocessing
48
Biosensors
biotechnological instruments that convert the action of a biological molecule or organism into an electrical signal
49
Biosensors have been developed that use antibodies, enzymes, and PCR to
detect pollutants in the air, soil, and wate
50
Bacteria were first used to treat sewage in the early part
of the 20th century
51
The first patent issued for any organism was for an
oil-eating bacterium (Pseudomonas putida) that could be used to help clean up oil spills.
52
Deinococcus radiodurans
as been genetically engineered for bioremediation of solvents and heavy metals in a radioactive environment.
53
. In conservation biology, it is important to understand
as much as possible about the population being studied.
54
The genetic variability map can be used
by law enforcement officials to catch poachers and to protect the populations of elephants in greatest need
55
DNA barcoding goal
making species identification as easy as scanning items in a supermarket.
56
DNA barcoding helps
researchers identify new species, provides an easy way to look at genetic diversity in any geographical location, and helps taxonomists understand relationships among species.
57
To better understand how humans lived
researchers identify new species, provides an easy way to look at genetic diversity in any geographical location, and helps taxonomists understand relationships among species.
58
The Genographic Project
initiated by the National Geographic Society, endeavors to create a detailed world map of human migration patterns.
59
Rexin-G
a drug that targets pancreatic cancer, has been developed to be delivered on nanoparticles, particles that are nanometers in diameter. It is a genetically engineered virus designed to seek out and kill cancer cells that have metastasized or escaped the main tumor.
60
Biotechs first products were based on
based on recombinant DNA technology
61
The use of genetically modified organisms in research laboratories is regulated under guidelines from
the NIH
62
When was a law requiring labeling of foods containing greater than 75% genetically engineered ingredients went into effect in Vermont.
2016
62
What governmental agency is involved in regulating genetically modified crops and is concerned about the effects that GMO cultivation may have on the environment
EPA
63
In the U.S., ____ are required for all research that receives federal support.
IRBs
64
What is the Toxic Substances Control Act section 8(a)
This rule requires companies that manufacture, import, or process certain chemical substances already in commercial use as nanoscale materials to notify the EPA as to the substance's chemical identity and its method and volume of manufacture, and to provide the agency with use and exposure information and health and safety data for the substance
65
Quality Assurance (QA)
oversees regulatory compliance and the company quality system including document control, internal and external audits, and record review. QA reviews the records and data from QC testing and other requirements prior to formally releasing materials to the next stage of manufacturing or products to sale.
66
QA technicians are usually required to have
an associate's or bachelor's degree.
67
An R&D scientist is usually required to have
a doctoral degree, although a master's degree with experience in the field can be sufficient
67
A clinical scientist performs
all levels of work in biomedical research.
68
An engineer is required to have
a bachelor's degree, although some positions require a graduate degree.
69
Biotech draws on.....
It draws on knowledge and techniques from many of the biological sciences, such as genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, and microbiology.
70
chromatography resins
bind proteins based on particular properties of the proteins. This allows them to be purified from other cellular components.
70
The disciplines using the systems biology approach have been termed
"-omics"
71
Microbiomics
investigates the microbiome, all microorganisms living in a place at the same time.
71
Each of these -omics generates vast amounts of data, and one of the major challenges of the 21st century is
finding ways to sort and analyze these data.
72
Bioinformaticians
find ways to gather, store, sort, and analyze data. They use the data to make computer models to predict cellular and organismal behavior.
73
From start to finish, drug development can cost
over $2.5 billion for each approved drug
74
Drug Discovery often involves first identifying
a target that has a role in causing or affecting the development of a disease or its symptoms.
75
Finally, lead candidates are tested in humans for
safety and efficacy in a series of clinical trials.
76
Bacterial cells do not produce ____, and they can be _______
a lot of protein; expensive
77
A new era of personalized medicine
pharmacogenomics (pharmaceuticals based on genomics), is revolutionizing healthcare
78
When was two CAR T-cell therapies were approved by the FDA, one for children with acute lymphoblastic le ukemia (ALL), and the other for adults with advanced lymphomas?
2017
79
recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST; trade name Posilac)
Injecting this in cows could increase their milk growth
80
antibiotic-resistant bacteria are now
a major healthcare concern
81
Biotechnology was first used in the
food industry
82
Biotechnology first emerged as a distinct industry in the
late 1970s
83
One of the first biotechnology companies was
Genentech
84
Conceptualization
marketing research identifies a need for a product and researchers confirm such a product can and should be developed
85
Research
researchers confirm such a product can and should be developed. Scientists create the initial products; the work done during this phase depends on the type of product being produced.
86
Development
begins when a candidate product is in hand and involves refining the product, investigating how best to manufacture it, rigorously detailing its specifications
87
Commercialization
during this stage, the details of marketing, manufacturing, and distribution are decided and the product is prepared for sale. In contrast, the goal of research at public and academic institutions is to advance human knowledge that leads to improvements in society.
88
On ______ the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Law was signed, requiring the USDA to establish guidelines for labeling foods containing GMOs by ______
2016; 2018
89
A laboratory technician works under the supervision of a scientist and carries out the
hands-on work, such as setting up assays, using instrumentation, and recording data.
90
Transgenic animals
laboratory animals that have been genetically engineered to express a specific gene or genes or have had the expression of a gene or genes inhibited or deleted
91
The results of each phase of a clinical trial are assessed by the
FDA
92
Quality Control (QC)
inspects and tests materials at all critical stages of the manufacturing process from raw materials to finished product. It follows test records to record data from assay measurements for each product specification.

HOSA Biotech (6 decks)

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