chapter 1

Question 1

what are the biomolecules categorized as

Answer 1

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid

Question 2

6 principles of biomolecules

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Question 3

reduction

Answer 3

gaining electron

Question 4

oxidation

Answer 4

losing electron

Question 5

metabolism

Answer 5

enzyme- catalyzed reaction organized into pathways

Question 6

enzymes

Answer 6

catalyze biochemical reactions to maintain life

Question 7

biomolecules and most organic molecules are derives from

Answer 7

hydrocarbons

Question 8

hydrocarbons

Answer 8

carbon & hydrogen they are hydrophobic

Question 9

alcohol

Answer 9

R-OH /hydroxyl /polar

Question 10

aldehyde

Answer 10

o=
R-C-H /carbonyl /polar

Question 11

ketone

Answer 11

O=
R-C-R’ /carbonyl /polar

Question 12

acids

Answer 12

O=
R-C-OH /carboxyl/ weak acid donates proton

Question 13

amine

Answer 13

R-NH2 /amino /weakly base accepts proton

Question 14

amide

Answer 14

O=
R-C-NH2 /aimdo /polar no charge

Question 15

thiol

Answer 15

R-SH /thiol /disulfide bond

Question 16

ester

Answer 16

O=
R-C-O-R’ /ester /in certain lipids

Question 17

alkene

Answer 17

RCH=CHR’ /double bond

Question 18

amino acids

Answer 18

polymer: proteins, plypeptides

Question 19

sugars

Answer 19

polymer: carbs

Question 20

fatty acids

Answer 20

polymer: not found

Question 21

nucleotides

Answer 21

polymer: DNA, RNA

Question 22

b-alanine

Answer 22

precursor of vitamin pantothenic acid

Question 23

y-aminobutyric acid

Answer 23

neurotransmitter

Question 24

a.a connected via

Answer 24

peptide bonds/ a.a R groups lead structure and function

Question 25

2 types of carbs

Answer 25

aldoses and ketoses/ from monosaccharides to plysaccharides

Question 26

2 types of fatty acids

Answer 26

saturated (single bond) and unsaturated (double bond) (most are lipids)

Question 27

nucleotides

Answer 27

5-carbon sugar Nbase and 1 or more phosphate groups /purine and pyrimidine

Question 28

DNA

Answer 28

2 antiparallel polynucleotide strands = right hand double helix

Question 29

DNA nucleotides

Answer 29

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine (held together by h-bond)

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

single-stranded polynucleotide with ribose

Question 31

RNA synthesized

Answer 31

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Question 32

gene expression

Answer 32

controls when the info encoded in gene will be accessed

Question 33

transcription factors

Answer 33

contribute to protein coding gene expression

Question 34

metabolism

Answer 34

growth, development, removal of waste, synthesis for cell

Question 35

autopoiesis

Answer 35

living organisms self organising and self maintaining

Question 36

biochemical reactions

Answer 36

energy production, synthesis, degradation

Question 37

substitution

Answer 37

nucleophile(O2) attacks electrophile (imp hydrolysis reaction)

Question 38

elimination

Answer 38

forms a double bond (covalent) when molecules are removed (dehydration)

Question 39

addition

Answer 39

2 molecules combine to form a single product (hydration)

Question 40

isomerization

Answer 40

atoms or groups undergo intramolecular shifts

Question 41

oxidation-reduction

Answer 41

transfer of an electron or hydrogen donor -> reducing agent (gaining H or loosing H) NADH-> NAD+ acceptor -> oxidizing agent (gaining O2 or loosing H)

Question 42

energy

Answer 42

capacity to do work (redox reaction) from oxidizable molecule to electron deficient molecule = atp synthesis

Question 43

autotrophs or heterotrophs

Answer 43

photAUTOTROPHS light energy to chemical bond chemoHETEROTROPHS preformed organic molecules as its sole source of energy

Question 44

metabolism pathway

Answer 44

anabolic and catabolic

Question 45

anabolic

Answer 45

large complex molecules synthesized from smaller precursors

Question 46

catabolic

Answer 46

large complex molecules degraded into smaller

Question 47

energy transfer pathways

Answer 47

capture energy and transform it into a usable form

Question 48

signal transduction pathways

Answer 48

allows cells to receive and respond to signals

Question 49

biological order

Answer 49

synthesis of biomolecules, transport across membranes, cell movement, waste removal

Question 50

synthesis of biomolecules

Answer 50

require energy, supplied by atp

Question 51

transport across membranes

Answer 51

cell membranes regulate the passage of ions and molecules

Question 52

cell movement

Answer 52

cell division, organelle movement (network of protein filament id cytoskeleton)

Question 53

waste removal

Answer 53

CO2 -> lungs (sugar and fatty acid) NH3 ->urea (a.a)