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living cells Flashcards

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1
Q

cells

A

basic unit of life, sense and respond to their environment, transform matter and energy, surrounded by a membrane

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2
Q

water

A

polar, interact with many substances

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3
Q

biological membranes

A

thin, flexible stable sheet-like, selective barrier, phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins

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4
Q

self-assembly

A

have supramolecular structure
ex. ribosomes: protein synthesizing formed from protein and RNA
large proteins (sarcomere)
proteosomes: large protein that degrade proteins.

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5
Q

molecular machines

A

motor proteins help in cellular processes they ensure that the correct amount of force is applied in the appropriate time and direction

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6
Q

macromolecular crowding

A

interior space within cells is dense and crowded (not conc.)

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7
Q

proteostasis

A

own set of proteins is called proteome changes in respond to environmental conditions

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8
Q

homeostasis or proteostasis

A

protein control is high in a cell processes that monitors is is called proteostasis network (PN)

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9
Q

signal transduction

A

processing info that come from molecules, physical stimuli, and mechanical force, they adapt to environmental conditions only if they respond to each type of message (neurotransmitters and hormones)

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10
Q

reception

A

signal molecule a ligand binds and activates a receptor

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11
Q

transduction

A

ligand binding triggers a change in the 3D structure of receptor converts primary message to secondary across a membrane barrier

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12
Q

respond

A

causes a signaling cascade which is covalent modifications which result in changing of enzyme activities, gene expression, cytoskeletal rearrangements, cell movement, cell cycle

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13
Q

termination

A

Destroying or removing signaling molecules
,Inactivating activated proteins,Degrading nonprotein signals with enzymes.

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14
Q

calcium ions

A

universal signaling device, respond to external stimuli by increasing Ca2+ concentration kept at low ATP driven pump

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15
Q

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND METABOLISM

A

they are vital and detect relevant info in cell environments where there is stimuli integrate this info and execute a response which could be an alteration in gene expression

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16
Q

bacterial cell

A

densely packed and interacting molecules which preform specific functions

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17
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea which have cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA, no membrane bound

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18
Q

prokaryotes

A

immense and heterogeneous
-cylindrical (bacillus)
-spheroidal (cocci)
-helically coiled ( spirilla)
small size, move using flagella, and retention to specific dyes

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19
Q

cell wall

A

semi-rigid for support and protection its strength is caused by the peptidoglycan the outer membrane is lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), its permeable small molecules move across it called porins they contain channels

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20
Q

cell wall

A

they secrete polysaccharides and proteins (glycocalyx) which could be a capsule or a slime layer

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21
Q

capsule

A

allow bacterias to avoid detection or damage by host or immune systems and attach to host cells

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22
Q

slime layer

A

biofilms disorganized polysaccharides form when microorganisms adhere to surfaces and grow, the more they secrete the thicker they become they provide a protective barrier they attack antibiotic therapy.

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23
Q

plasma membrane

A

inside cell wall, phospholipid bilayer reinforced with hopanoids that stiffen the membranes, proteins are embedded in it, its permeable and may be involved in energy

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24
Q

cytoplasm

A

nucleoid in the center an has small DNA plasmids not used for growth or cell division.
inclusion bodied which are large granules contain organic and inorganic componenets

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25
glycogen
carbon storage
26
polyphosphate
source of phosphate for nucleic acids
27
ribosomes
molecular machines composed of RNA and proteins
28
pili
fine, hair-like allow cells to attach to food stuctures and host tissues, sex pili are used by some bacteria to transfer genetic info called conjugation
29
flagella
flexible crokscrew shaped protein filaments used for locomotion anchord to cells by a protein complex to convert energy to rational motion
30
eukaryotic cells
larger in size, high enzyme conc because each organelle is individually regulated
31
plasma membrane
isolates cell and is permeable has lipid bilayer and high amount of integral and peripheral proteins
32
channels and carriers
regulate passage of ions and molecules in and out of cell and have receptors
33
out of plasma membrane
glycocalyx and extracellular matrix
34
carbs
imp in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, receptor specificity, and self identity
35
plasma membrane protected by
extra and intracellular structures
36
fibroblasts
synthesize and secrete structural proteins and complex carbs that form extracellular matrix (ECM)
37
ECM
binds cells together, supports and protects, regulates all cell behaviors binds components to specific receptors
38
inner surface
reinforced by 3D meshwork of proteins (membrane skeleton) attached to membrane by noncovelent bond
39
membrane skeleton
contains actin, actin binding proteins, spectrin (mechanical strength)
40
ER
membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacks, internal space in ER lumen
41
rough ER
protein synthesis, folding, glycosylation
42
smooth ER
lipid biosynthesis and Ca2+ storage
43
ER stress
failure of polypeptide folding within RER result in misfolded molecules, caused by environmental factors such as metabolic or oxidative stress, inflammatory processes or genetic factors
44
ER associated protein degradation (ERAD)
a mechanism that targets misfolded polypeptides and transport them into cytoplasm where they are degraded by proteasomes
45
RER initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR)
if stress is severe in an attempt to restore proteostasis
46
inhibition of protein synthesis
is caused by signals sent to the nucleus with addition to chaperones
47
autophagy
digestion of damaged or unnecessary organelles or other components which prevent cell death
48
apoptosis
if protein homeostasis cannot be achieved within a specific period its programmed and cell death process can be initiated
49
Hepatocyte SER
forms a wide variety of functions include biotransformation and synthesis of lipid components of very low ddensity
50
Biotransformation reactions
conversion of a big amount of water- insoluble metabolites and xenobiotics into more soluble products that can be excreted.
51
golgi apparatus
large , flattened, sac-like vesicle, processes, packages and distributes products
52
GA main role
glycosylation to proteins and lipids (sulfaton and phosphorylation)
53
GA has 2 faces
cis, trans
54
trans
where secretory products are concentrated and delivered to plasma membrane
55
exocytosis
secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release secretory products
56
vesicles
originate in ER, Golgi or by endocytosis
57
58
lysosomes
vesicles containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) they degrade and included in autophagy
59
nucleu
genetic info
60
nuclear envelope
surrounds nucleoplasm has nuclear pores where molecules pass through
61
mitochondria
aerobic metabolism, source of cellular energy have DNA and ribosomes and 2 membranes
62
functions of mitochondria
calcium signaling, lipid exchange, mitochondrial fission regularion
63
peroxisomes
contains oxidative organelles
64
anabolic and catabolic pathways
synthesis of phospholipids, dehydration of long fatty acids, detoxifies peroxides, use H2O to oxidize toxic molecules
65
cytoskeleton
supportive network of fibers associated with proteins (microfilaments, microtubles, intermediate filaments)
66
cytoskeleton functions
cell shape and structure, cell movement, solid state, signal transduction
67

biochem (9 decks)

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