Chapter 1

Question 0

physiology

Answer 0

study of body functions

“how does it do what it does”

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

study of the structure of the body

Question 2

concepts:

Structure dictates function

Answer 2

things are built the way they are to perform their function

ex. ear = funnel. Why? To collect soundwaves

Question 3

levels of organization:

Chemical

Answer 3

molecules composed of atoms of elements
NOCH make up 96% of the body
combine to form molecules of life

Question 4

levels of organization

Cellular

Answer 4

cells are basic unit of life

• fundamental unit of structure and function
• ex. neurons are wire-like so they can perform function

Question 5

levels of organization

tissue

Answer 5

groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function
- 4 main types

Question 6

four main types of tissue

Answer 6

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 7

epithelial tissue

Answer 7

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities and forms glands
- ex. squamous, columnar, cuboidal

Question 8

connective tissue

Answer 8

connects, supports, and anchors various body parts

- ex. abundant, can sometimes be liquid (matrix), bone tissue, and adipose

Question 9

muscle tissue

Answer 9

specialized for producing movement or generating force through contraction
- 3 types

Question 10

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 10

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Question 11

nervous tissue

Answer 11

initiates, transmits, and interprets electrical impulses

- found in brain, spinal cord, special sense organs

Question 12

levels of organization

organ

Answer 12

two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a function
- ex. heart

Question 13

levels of organization

system

Answer 13

groups of organs that perform related functions

- do not act in isolation from one another

Question 14

levels of organization

organism

Answer 14

all systems working together to maintain homeostasis

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

• dynamic equilibrium
• internal constantsy
• the “why” of the body

Question 16

ECF

Answer 16

fluid outside of the cells but within the body

• the internal environment of the body
• ex. plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph

Question 17

ICF

Answer 17

fluid collectively contained within all body cells

Question 18

2 main systems that work to maintain homeostasis

Answer 18

endocrine and nervous system

Question 19

endocrine system

Answer 19

uses hormones that travel in blood to reach a target cell, bringing about some type of change

Question 20

nervous system

Answer 20

uses nerve impulses/action potentials to travel through nerve fibers that innervate various target organs (muscles, glands)

Question 21

homeostatic mechanisms: set point

Answer 21

the desired level at which homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a controlled variable
- 98.6 degrees

Question 22

homeostatic mechanisms: integrating center

Answer 22

a region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input

Question 23

homeostatic mechanisms: effector

Answer 23

accomplishes the output commanded by the integrator

Question 24

homeostatic mechanisms: feedback

Answer 24

a response that occurs but after a change has been detected; may be (-) or (+)

Question 25

negative feedback

Answer 25

when the EFFECTOR response compensates for the original stimulus -ex. control of room temperature primary type of homeostatic control OPPOSES initial change

Question 26

positive feedback

Answer 26

when the effectors response AMPLIFIES the initial change from set point - ex. birth of a baby (oxytocin) blood clotting

Question 27

vasoconstriction

Answer 27

blood vessels on surface of body begin to shut down

Question 28

blood glucose control

Answer 28

what cell turns into ATP, necessary insulin - decreases blood glucose glucagon - increases blood glucose

Question 29

alpha cells produce _______

Answer 29

glucagon

Question 30

beta cells produce ______

Answer 30

insulin

Question 31

blood calcium control

Answer 31

calcitonin - decreases blood calcium levels, osteoblasts | PTH - increases blood calcium levels - osteoclasts

Question 32

failure of homeostasis = _________

Answer 32

death

Question 33

integumentary system

Answer 33

prevents internal fluid from being lost from the body and foreign microorganisms from entering

Question 34

skeletal system

Answer 34

provides support and protection for the soft tissues and organs - also serves as a reservoir for Ca++

Question 35

circulatory system

Answer 35

transports materials such as nutrients, O2, CO2, wastes, electrolytes, and hormones from one part of the body to another

Question 36

digestive system

Answer 36

breaks down dietary food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed into the plasma for distribution to the body cells

Question 37

respiratory system

Answer 37

gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment | - also important in maintaining the proper pH of the internal environment

Question 38

urinary system

Answer 38

removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine

Question 39

muscular system

Answer 39

moves the bones to which the skeletal muscles are attached | - this system enables a person to move toward food or away from harm

Question 40

immune system

Answer 40

defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous

Question 41

nervous system

Answer 41

it controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses - especially important in detecting changes in the external environment and initiating reactions to them

Question 42

structure refers to _____ while ______ refers to physiology

Answer 42

anatomy | physiology

Question 43

list the 6 levels of biological organization here

Answer 43

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism | cctoso

Question 44

what is a group of organs

Answer 44

system

Question 45

what is a group of cells referred to?

Answer 45

tissue

Question 46

what type of muscle tissue moves food via peristalsis?

Answer 46

smooth muscle tissue

Question 47

define homeostasis

Answer 47

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment; dynamic equilibrium

Question 48

control of Ca+

Answer 48

1. decrease blood calcium 2. PT glands 3. PTH 4. goes directly to bone and activates osteoclasts and dissolve bone 5. release Ca+ 6. increase blood Ca+

Question 49

Glucose concentrations - decrease blood glucose

Answer 49

1. increase blood glucose 2. pancreas 3. beta cells 4. insulin 5. muscle increase uptake 6. liver 7. decrease blood glucose (-) feedback

Question 50

what hormone will increase blood Ca+ levels

Answer 50

PTH

Question 51

would PTH stimulate the osteoblasts or osteoclasts

Answer 51

osteoclasts

Question 52

Glucose

Answer 52

food of cell

Question 53

Glycogen

Answer 53

stored glucose

Question 54

glycogenolysis

Answer 54

turning glycogen back into glucose

Question 55

gluconeogenesis

Answer 55

turning lipids or proteins into glucose

Question 56

glycolysis

Answer 56

breaking glucose to produce ATP

Question 57

glucagon

Answer 57

the hormone that has the opposite effect as insulin

Question 58

give an example of positive feedback in the body. Would you use the word amplify or oppose to describe it?

Answer 58

childbirth | amplify

Question 59

what two systems work to maintain homeostasis

Answer 59

endocrine | nervous

Question 60

endocrine uses ______ to maintain homeostasis

Answer 60

hormones

Question 61

nervous system uses ________ to maintain homeostasis

Answer 61

action potentials

Question 62

the basic unit of life is the ____

Answer 62

cell

Question 63

the basic unit of structure and function in the body is the _____

Answer 63

cell

Question 64

the second level of biological organization is the ______

Answer 64

cell