Chapter 2 Flashcards
(79 cards)
0
Q
3 major cellular components
A
plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
1
Q
cells
A
basic unit of structure and function
2
Q
plasma membrane - structure
A
-phospholipid bilayer
-cholesterol - lot of strength
Proteins
-transmembrane - go all the way through bilayer, act as channels or gateways
- peripheral - on the outside or surface, act as little feelers
3
Q
plasma membrane - function
A
separates ICF and ECF
selectively permeable
controls composition of ICF
4
Q
nucleus
A
contains cells genetic material
5
Q
nucleus - structure
A
- largest organelle
- enclosed by a double layer nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
- contains DNA - organized into chromosomes
6
Q
DNA
A
- double helix
- made of sugars, phosphates, and bases
- bases - thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine
7
Q
functions of DNA
A
- directs protein synthesis: making of proteins
- holds genetic blueprint/code during cell replication
8
Q
RNA
A
single helix made of bases
9
Q
mRNA
A
complimentary copy of DNA that travels out of nucleus
10
Q
tRNA
A
gathers the correct amino acids and brings to the ribosome
- taxi - out in the cytoplasm
11
Q
rRNA
A
component of ribosomes
12
Q
protein synthesis
A
the production of proteins using codes (genes) from DNA
13
Q
protein synthesis involves transcription and __________
A
translation
14
Q
transcription
A
- the formation of mRNA from DNA via RNA polymerase
- mRNA carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (ribosome)
15
Q
Translation
A
- of mRNA into a protein
16
Q
cytoplasm
A
portion of cell interior not occupied by the nucleus
17
Q
cytoplasm - structure
A
- organelles “little organs” - distinct, highly organized, membrane-enclosed structures
- cytosol - complex, gel like mass in which the cytoskeleton is found
18
Q
organelles:
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed throughout the cytosol
- subway (transport) system
19
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- protein synthesis
- surface has attached ribosomes - protein factories
- a.k.a. granular
20
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- lipid synthesis
- no ribosomes
- agranular
- liver SER = detoxifies
21
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
- stack of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs called CISTERNAE
- post office
- one side faces rough ER
- packages raw materials into finished products
22
Q
lysosomes
A
- membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes
- intracellular digestive cell
- suicide cells
23
Q
perioxisomes
A
- house oxidative enzymes that detoxify various waste products
- forms H2O2 -> catalase -> H2O+O2
- creates bubbling effect when peroxide is poured onto a cut
24
ribosomes
- sites of protein synthesis
- found either attached to rough ER or free in the cytoplasm
- protein factory
25
mitochondria
- energy organelle
- powerhouse
- contains enzymes for citric acid cycle and ETC
- enclosed by a double membrane
* inner fold membrane = cristae
26
ATP
- cash of the cell
- cellular energy
- energy storage molecule
- ADP + Pi ATP (making of energy)
27
ATP generation: Glycolysis
where does it occur
in cytosol (liquid portion)
28
ATP generation: Krebs
Where does it occur?
in mitochondria
29
ATP generation: ETC
where does it occur?
in mitochondria (where energy payoff happens)
30
Glucose
nutrient contains energy
31
ATP - _______ molecule
energy
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H - can be used to make ______
ATP
33
NAD and FAD carry _______
H ( hydrogen transporters; trucks)
34
NADH and FADH2 travel to ______
ETC
35
NADH = ___ ATP
3
36
FADH2 = ____ ATP
2
37
glycolysis
chemical process involving 10 separate sequential reactions that break down GLUCOSE into two pyruvic acid molecules
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is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
anaerobic
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net gain from glycolysis
2 ATP
| 2 NADH
40
If no oxygen is present for glycolysis, what happens?
2 NADH are added to pyruvic acid = lactic acid
- muscle pain
- fatigue
- decrease pH
41
citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle
- pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA which enters CAC = 2 NADH
- consists of 8 separate biochemical responses that are directed by enzymes of mitochondrial matrix
- important in preparing hydrogen carrier molecules for entry into electron transport chain
- requires oxygen
42
does CAC requires oxygen?
Yes
43
The CAC is important for preparing ____ carrier molecules for entry into ETC
hydrogen
44
Payoff from CAC
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP HAVE TWO CYCLES PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE
45
ETC
series of reactions that occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane
- major source of ATP
- requires oxygen as the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
46
Oxygen in the __________
final electron acceptor
47
Does ETC require oxygen?
yes
48
The ETC produces ATP by ____________
oxidative phosphorylation
49
Alternate fuel sources - lipids
fatty acids -> enter krebs through beta oxidation
| - really concentrated
50
alternate fuel sources - proteins
amino acids -> enter Krebs through deamination
| - dont want to burn them for ATP, can burn them through starvation mode
51
Aerobic exercise
lots of ATP needed
- with oxygen
- can get to ETC
- long, low intensity
52
Anaerobic Exercise
- short duration, high intensity (power lifting, sprinting)
53
the term we use to describe the structure of the cell membrane is ___________
phospholipid bilayer
54
phosphate heads are arranged so they are in contact with
water
ECF
ICF
55
this bilayer arrangement allows the cell membrane to be
selectively permeable
56
phosphate heads are polar molecules. T/F
true
57
polar means
charge
58
Things that are soluble in lipids are allowed to move freely through the cell membrane. T/F
true
59
The control center of the cell is the _______
nucleus
60
the part of the cell that contains DNA is the ______
nucleus
61
the largest organelle in the cell is the _____
nucleus
62
the ______ is surrounded by a double later membrane with pores
nucleus
63
you just made a complimentary copy of RNA from DNA, this is called _______
transcription
64
what can RNA do that the original DNA cant do?
travel outside of the nucleus (nuclear pores)
65
which type of RNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome?
tRNA
66
what is the function of RNA polymerase?
produces RNA (binds to DNA and transcribes sequence into RNA)
67
proteins are long chains of _________
amino acids
68
name the two parts of the cytoplasm
organelles and cytosol
69
just by looking at the word "glycolysis" we can figure out what it means......
break down glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules
70
where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
71
glucose is a 6 carbon chain. When we split it we form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid that each contain _____ carbons
3
72
what is the good news with glycolysis? (what is produced)
2 ATP
| 2 NADH
73
what is the bad news of glycolysis? (what do we do with the NADH and pyruvic acid if no oxygen is present?)
2 NADH are added to pyruvic acid = lactic acid
74
Does the Citric Acid Cycle or ETC produce more ATP?
ETC
75
before pyruvic acid can enter the CAC, it needs to be modified into a 2 carbon molecule called _____ that joins with the 4 carbon oxaloacetic acid
acetyl CoA
76
how many turns of the CAC are needed for each glucose molecule
2
77
How many ATP, FADH2, NADH are produced for each turn?
1 ATP
1 FADH2
3 NADH
78
that means our total for one molecule of glucose is
```
ATP = 2
NADH = 6
FADH2 = 2
```
