Chapter 1

Question 1

David Chalmers

Answer 1

The Hard Problem
A good question of the relationship between physics & psychology.
Given this universe composed of matter & energy, why’s there such a thing as consciousness?

Question 2

Rene’ Descartes.

The belief that the mind & brain are different kinds of substance & exist independently; 2 different things

Answer 2

Dualism

Question 3

The belief that the universe consist of only 1 kind of substance; same thing, only one.

Answer 3

Monism

Question 4

The study of the physiological, evolutionary, & developmental mechanisms of behaviour & experience.

Answer 4

Biological Psychology

Question 5

Anterior; From above

Answer 5

Dorsal View

Question 6

Posterior; from below

Answer 6

Ventral View

Question 7

Physical Structure; relates a behavior to the activity of the brain & other organs.

Answer 7

Physiological Explanation

Ex: the brain area that allows birds to sing is larger in males than in females; they’re capable of singing louder.

Question 8

Genesis (origin of being; the beginning)
Describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, & their interactions.

Answer 8

Ontogenetic Explanation
Ex: Young males learn to sing by listening to other males. Development of song requires certain genes & opportunity to hear the appropriate songs.

Question 9

Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.

Answer 9

Evolutionary explanation

Ex: similar species of birds have similar songs. the similarity suggests the 2 species evolved from a single ancestor.

Question 10

Why did something develop the way it did?
Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
Are often controversial…

Answer 10

Functional explanation

Ex: in most species, only the male bird sings. This allows him to attract a mate & ward off other birds.

Question 11

Gregor Mendel

Answer 11

19th Century Monk; studied pea plants

demonstrated that inheritance depends on genes.

Question 12

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.
Exist in pairs (as a rule)

Answer 12

Genes

Question 13

Strands of genes composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Exception to rule is male mammal- has unpaired X & Y chromosomes w/different genes.

Answer 13

Chromosomes

Question 14

Double stranded molecule; Provides the template for synthesis of ribonucleic acid

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

DNA contains 4 “bases”

Answer 15

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 16

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body

Answer 16

Enzymes

Question 17

Identical pair of genes on the chromosomes (same)

Answer 17

Homozygous

Question 18

Unmatched pair of genes (different)

Answer 18

Heterozygous

Question 19

Shows a strong effect in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions

Answer 19

Dominant gene

Question 20

Shows its effect only in the homozygous condition

Answer 20

Recessive gene

Question 21

Sort of mutant gene

Answer 21

Allele

Question 22

Genes located on the sex chromosomes.

In mammals, 2 sex chromosomes are designated X & Y

Answer 22

Sex-linked genes
Females (XX)
Males (XY)

Question 23

All other genes except sex-linked

Answer 23

Autosomal chromosomes & genes

Question 24

Genes that are present in both sexes, but active mainly in one sex.

Answer 24

Sex-Limited genes

chest hair in men, breast in women

Question 25

Heritable change in a DNA molecule

Answer 25

Mutation

Question 26

Microduplication/Microdeletion

Answer 26

Part of a chromosome that might appear once might appear twice or not at all.

Question 27

Deals w/changes in gene expression w/o modification of DNA sequence

Answer 27

Epigenetics

Question 28

Adds acetyl groups to histone tails near a gene, causing histones to loosen their grip on the DNA

Answer 28

Turns the genes on

Question 29

Removal of acetyl group causes histones to tighten their grip on the DNA

Answer 29

Turns the gene off

Question 30

Monozygotic (twins)

Answer 30

developed from 1 egg "identical twins"

Question 31

Dizygotic (twins)

Answer 31

developed from 2 eggs; fraternal twins

Question 32

Degree to which variations in some characteristic depend on genetic differences

Answer 32

Heritability

Question 33

"virtual twins"

Answer 33

kids the same age, adopted @ same time into a single family. behavior is very similar= environment role behavior is very different=gene role

Question 34

Genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Answer 34

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 35

Change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population (doesn't always mean better)

Answer 35

Evolution

Question 36

Reasoning for evolution

Answer 36

Offspring generally resemble their parents- genetic reasons. Mutations of genes occasionally introduce new heritable variations. Certain individuals successfully reproduce more than others do.

Question 37

Choosing individuals w/a desired trait & using them as parents for the nxt generation

Answer 37

Artificial Selection

Question 38

Darwin's Insight

Answer 38

Nature also selects, & successful individual's genes will be prevalent in later generations.

Question 39

Lamarckian Evolution (Jean Lamarck)

Answer 39

use or disuse of a structure or behavior can cause an evolutionary increase or decrease in that feature (inheritance of acquired characteristics)

Question 40

Deals w/how behaviors evolved, especially social behaviors; Focuses upon functional & evolutionary explanations of how behavior evolved.

Answer 40

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 41

An action that benefits someone other than the actor

Answer 41

Altruistic behavior

Question 42

Idea that individuals help those who will return the favor

Answer 42

Reciprocal Altruism

Question 43

Selection for a gene that benefits the individual's relatives

Answer 43

Kin Selection | Favored Explanation

Question 44

Minimalts

Answer 44

Favor firm regulation on Research

Question 45

Abolitionists

Answer 45

No animal research; animals have same rights as humans