Chapter 7 Flashcards by Sarah Borja

Which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel through as they pass from the outer ear to the inner ear?

pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea

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Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes:

hair cells to displace.

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What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?

Neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires.

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Which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?

visually tracking an object while dancing

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Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to:

different areas of the body.

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What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.

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A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of:

glutamate

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Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as:

across-fiber

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After eating salty pretzels, the salty potato chips will taste less salty because of:

adaptation

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How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?

There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical.

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Periodic compressions air, water, or other media

sound waves

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the intensity of a sound wave (i.e., measured height a sound wave reaches)- measured in decibels how high

amplitude

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the psychological experience of amplitude refers to perception of the sound wave

Loudness

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The # of compressions per sound- measured in Hertz (Hz , cycles per second); related to the pitch

frequency

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the psychologial experience of frequency

pitch

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What about the range of frequencies in children?

Children hear higher frequencies than adults; have ability to recognize high frequencies diminishes w/age and exposure to loud noises.

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Includes the pinna; the structure of flesh & cartilage attached to each side of the head – helps us locate the source of sound & Responsible for: altering the reflection of sound waves into the middle ear from the outer ear

outer ear

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aka outer ear

pinna

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i.e., eardrum

tympanic membrain

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a membrane in the inner ear

Oval window

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Tympanic membrane connects to 3 tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the oval window

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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snail-shaped structure in inner ear containing three long fluid-filled tunnels

Cochlea

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two main ways of coding the sensory info

Frequency theory and place theory

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basilar membrane resembles strings of a piano – each area along membrane is tuned to a specific frequency hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave; like Piano strings

Place theory

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downfall of place theory

the various parts are bounded together too tightly (not like piano strings)

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency (e.g., 50 Hz sound causes 50 action potentials/sec.) in auditory nerve

Frequency theory

Downfall of frequency theory

certain amount of time before something can happen again (@ least 1/1000 of a sec) REFRACTORY PERIOD

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 4,000 per sec., even though no individual axon approaches that frequency

Volley principle

Highest frequency sounds

vibrate hair cells at bottom (why old ppl can't hear0

lower frequency sounds

vibrate toward the apex

impaired detection of frequency changes

tone deafness

amusia

perfect pitch

absolute pitch

the ability to hear a note and ID it

absolute pitch

Main determinant of absolute pitch

is early and extensive musical training

the destination for most info from the auditory system

primary auditory cortex (area A1)

sensitive to pattern of soun

"what" pathway

Where pathway

location of sound

includes areas important for detecting visual motion and motion of sounds; contains area MT; Allows detection of the motion of sound

superior temporal cortex

damage to the are V1

partial blind

damage to are A1

can be fine

Cortex provides map of sounds –

a tonotopic map

middle-ear deafness

conductive deafness

inner-ear deafness

nerve deafeness

o Results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve o Can vary in degree o Can be confined to one part of the cochlea  Ppl can hear only certain frequencies

nerve deaf.

o Occurs if bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea; caused by disease, infections, or tumorous bone growth o Can be corrected by surgery or hearing aids that amplify the stimulus o Normal cochlea and normal auditory nerve allows ppl to hear their own voice clearly (b/c of vibrations w/your own bones)

conductive deafness

ringing in the ears

tinnitus

depends upon comparing the responses of the 2 ears

Sound Localization

helps you locate where the sound is coming from

sound shadow

most useful for localizing sounds with a sudden onset

time of arrival

vestibular organ consists of

saccule utricle 3 semicircular canals

calcium carbonate particles that lie next to the hair cells

otoliths

filled with jellylike substance and lined with hair cells that are activated when the head moves o Action potentials travel to the brain stem and cerebellum

3 semicircular canals

the sensation of the body and its movements

somatosensory system

- Includes discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, tickle, and the position and movement of the joints

somatosensory receptors

a type of touch receptor that detects sudden displacement or high-frequency vibrations on the skin

Pacinian corpuscles

may be a simple bare neuron ending (e.g., many pain receptors), an elaborated neuron ending (Ruffini endings and Meissner’s corpuscles), or bare ending surrounded by other cells that modify its function

touch receptors

Stimulation of touch receptor opens sodium channels in the axon

starts an action potential

Each spinal nerve innervates a limited area of the body

dermatome

THE SKIN AREA CONNECTED TO OR INNERVATED BY A SINGLE SENSORY SPINAL NERVE

dermatome

What is pain and what is its purpose?

PAIN IS THE EXPERIENCE EVOKED BY A HARMFUL STIMULUS, DIRECTS OUR ATTENTION, AND HOLDS IT

Pain sensation begins with a

bare nerve ending

capsaicin stimulates receptors

a chemical found in hot pepper

thicker and faster axons

sharp pain

thinner and slower axons

dull pain (post surgical pain)

mild pain

glutamate

stronger pain

both glutamate and substance P

processed by the cingulate cortex

sympathetic pain

systems that respond to opiate drugs and similar chemicals

Opiod mechanism

discovered that opiates bind to receptors found mostly in spinal cord and the periaqueductal gray area of the midbrain - Opiate receptors act by blocking release of substance P

pert and snyder

Implication of discovering opiate receptors –

first evidence that opioids act on nervous system rather than injured tissue

body's own natural pain killers

endorphins

spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive messages from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain

Gate theory

how does morphine work?

block slower, duller pain (after surgery)

- General principle of gate theory:

non pain stimuli modify the intensity of pain |  Stub toe? Massage it to help pain!

a drug or other procedures w/no pharmacological effects

placebos

Do placebos decrease pain just by increasing relaxations?

Placebos relieve pain partly by increasing release of opiates

worsen pain by increasing anxiety

antiplacebos (nocebos)

are chemicals related to marijuana that also block certain kinds of pain

cannabinoids and capsaicin

produces painful burning sensation by releasing substance P

capsaicin

- Direct electrical stimulation of the spinal or thalamus

electrical stimulation of the nervous system

resembles physical pain in many regards; increased activity in the cingulate cortex when someone felt left out of an activity

social pain aka emotional pain

When someone has hurt feelings,

activity increases in cingulate cortex

results of mild tissue damage

skin releases histamines

2 kinds of itch

mild tissue damage | contact w/certain plants (cowhage)

each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli, (& sends a direct line to the brain) and the meaning depends entirely on which neurons are active

label-line principle

each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli, (& contributors to the perception of each of them) and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing

Across-fiber pattern principle

refers to the stimulation of the taste buds, which are receptors on the tongue

taste

converge enables taste and smell to combine their influences on food selection

endopiriform cortex

o Receptors (in mammals) are in taste buds located

in papillae

structures on the surface of the tongue that contains the taste buds

papillae

Where are human adult taste buds located?

most taste buds are located along the outside edge of the tongue in humans

how many kinds of taste receptors?

4: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

refers to reduced perception of a stimuli due to fatigue of receptors

adaptation

reduced response to one stimulus after exposure to another

cross- Adaptation

evidence suggests a 5th receptro

glutamate( as in MSG)

detects presence of sodium and permits sodium ions to cross its membrane; results in an action Potential

saltiness receptor is simple

bitter substances include a long list of dissimilar chemicals

bitter taste

branch of seventh cranial nerve

chorda tympani

taste nerves project to here; in the medulla

nucleus of the tractus solitaries

the primary taste cortex

insula

responds to touch stimulation on tongue

somatosensory cortex

taste sensitivity in women

changes w/hormone cycles; most sensitive during early prego

have higher sensitivity to all tastes and mouth sensations in general);

supertasters

sense of smell and refers to the detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose

olfaction

Olfaction plays a subtle role in social behavior

o Humans tend to prefer the smell of potential romantic partners who smell different from themselves and their family members o Decreases the risk of inbreeding o Increases the probability that children will have a wide range of immunities

neurons responsible for smell ; line the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal passage and are the neurons responsible for smell

olfactory cells

threadlike dendrites

cilia

each olfactory cell has; extends from cell body into mucous surface of nasal passage

cilia

how many olfactory receptors do we have?

several hundred; have so many b/c there's so many kinds of chemicals in the air

we arrange our olfactory receptors over the entire surface of the nasal passages

localization

set of receptors located near olfactory receptors; that are sensitive to pheromones; tiny in humans!

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

chemicals released by an animal that affect behavior of other members of the same species, especially sexually

pheromones

strong synesthesia

rare; 1/2000 ppl | runs in family

weak synesthesia

do things like this all our lives | warm and cool colors

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(115 cards)