Chapter 8

Question 1

CONTROL THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND OTHER ORGANS

DON’T HAVE A WHOLE LOT OF CONTROL OF THESE!

Answer 1

smooth muscles

Question 2

CONTROL MOVEMENT OF THE BODY IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Answer 2

skeletal or striated muscles

Question 3

HEART MUSCLES THAT HAVE PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLES

Answer 3

cardiac muscles

Question 4

A SYNAPSE BETWEEN A MOTOR NEURON AXON AND A MUSCLE FIBER

Answer 4

neuromuscular junction

Question 5

RELEASE OF CHEMICALS CAUSES THE MUSCLE TO CONTRACT: - excites the muscle; makes it contract

Answer 5

acetylcholine

Question 6

antagonistic muscles

Answer 6

flexor muscles

extensor muscles

Question 7

FLEXES OR RAISES AN APPENDAGE

Answer 7

flexor

Question 8

ONE THAT EXTENDS AN APPENDAGE OR STRAIGHTENS IT

Answer 8

extensor

Question 9

FIbERS PRODUCE FAST CONTRACTIONS, BUT FATIGUE RAPIDLY

Answer 9

fast-twitch fibers

Question 10

FIBERS PRODUCE LESS VIGOROUS CONTRACTION W/O FATIGUE

Answer 10

slow-twitch fibers

Question 11

uses oxygen; SLOW TWITCH FIBERS; REQUIRE OXYGEN DURING MOVEMENT AND THEREFORE DO NOT FATIGUE

Answer 11

aerobic

Question 12

does not use oxygen at the time; FAST TWITCH; USE REACTIONS THAT DON’T NEED OXYGEN= FATIGUE

Answer 12

anaerobic

Question 13

receptor that detects position or movement of a part of the body

Answer 13

proprioceptor

Question 14

OCCURS WHEN MUSCLE PROPRIOCEPTORS DETECT THE STRETCH AND TENSION OF A MUSCLE AND SEND MeSSageS TO THE SPINAL CORD TO CONTRACT IT

Answer 14

stretch reflex

Question 15

knee jerk reflex

Answer 15

stretch reflex

Question 16

receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

Answer 16

muscle spindle

Question 17

respond to increases in muscle tension; ANOTHER TYPE OF PROPRIOCEPTOR; LOCATED IN THE TENDONS AT THE OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE MUSCLE; ACTS AS A “BRAKE” AGAINST EXCESSIVELY VIGOROUS CONTRACTION BY SENDING AN IMPULSE TO THE SPINAL CORD WHERE MOTOR NEURONS ARE INHIBITED.

Answer 17

Golgi tendon organs

Question 18

consistent automatic responses to stimuli

Answer 18

reflexes

Question 19

they are insensitive to reinforcements, punishments, and motivations

Answer 19

involuntary

Question 20

STRETCH REFLEX, DILATION OF THE PUPIL; MOVEMENTS THAT ONCE INITIATED, CANNOT BE ALTERED OR CORRECTED; THIS IS WHAT REFLEXES ARE

Answer 20

ballistic movements

Question 21

neural mechanisms in spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

Answer 21

central pattern generators

Question 22

a fixed sequence of movements THAT IS EITHER LEARNED OR BUILT INTO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 22

motor program

Question 23

do humans have any built-in motor programs?

Answer 23

yes, yawning

Question 24

Infant reflexes

Answer 24

grasp reflex, babinski, reflex, rooting reflex

Question 25

Pioneering work of Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig (1870); direct stimulation of the ______ elicits movements; does not send messages directly to the muscles

Answer 25

primary motor cortex

Question 26

active when ppl "intend" a movement & "orders" an outcome

Answer 26

primary motor cortex

Question 27

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

Answer 27

the posterior parietal cortex

Question 28

DAMAGE TO THIS AREA CAUSES DIFFICULTY IN COORDINATING VISUAL STIMULI W/MOVEMENT; CAN’T WALK AROUND/TO OBJECTS; CAN’T REACH OUT TO GRAB IT

Answer 28

posterior parietal cortex

Question 29

stores sensory information relevant to a movement and also plans movements according to their probable outcomes

Answer 29

prefrontal cortex

Question 30

most active immediately before a movement. Receives info about a target to which the body is directing its movement, as well as information about the body’s current position and posture; INTEGRATES INFO ABOUT POSITION AND POSTURE OF THE BODY; ORGANIZES THE DIRECTION OF THE MOVEMENT IN SPACE

Answer 30

premotor cortex

Question 31

along with the prefrontal cortex, is important for planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements in a particular order; ORGANIZES RAPID SEQUENCE OF MOVEMENTS IN A SPECIFIC ORDER; INHIBITORY IF NECESSARY

Answer 31

supplementary motor cortex

Question 32

I decide to do something, and then I do it.” This is obvious to us. Is it correct?

Answer 32

THERE’S SOME SORT OF DELAY; BRAIN BECAME AWARE OF IT BACK WHEN IT DECIDED TO DO IT, BEFORE YOU ACTUALLY DO IT

Question 33

voluntary decision is at first...

Answer 33

unconscious

Question 34

paths from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Answer 34

corticospinal tracts

Question 35

A MIDBRAIN AREA W/OUTPUT MAINLY TO THE ARM MUSCLES

Answer 35

red nucleus

Question 36

includes axons from many parts of cerebral cortex

Answer 36

medial corticospinal tract

Question 37

A BRAIN AREA THAT RECEIVES INFO FROM THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM!

Answer 37

vestibular nucleus

Question 38

little brain

Answer 38

the cerebellum

Question 39

one effect of cerebellar damage

Answer 39

CAUSES TROUBLE W/RAPID MOVEMENTS REQUIRING AIM/TIMING | EX: CLAPPING HANDS, SPEAKING, WRITING, ETC.

Question 40

proposed that a key role of the cerebellum is to establish new motor programs that enable one to execute a sequence of actions as a whole

Answer 40

ito

Question 41

flat cells in sequential planes

Answer 41

purkinje cells

Question 42

axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

Answer 42

parallel fibers

Question 43

group lrg subcortical structures in the forebrain

Answer 43

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 44

voluntary eye movement from one target to another

Answer 44

saccade

Question 45

Parkinson's disease

Answer 45

rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements, difficulty initiating physical and mental activity, slow cognitive tasks

Question 46

chemical that converts to MPP

Answer 46

MPTP

Question 47

accumulates in, and then destroys, neurons that release dopamine

Answer 47

MPP+

Question 48

the protein that codes the disease's gene

Answer 48

huntingtin

Question 49

what controls the speed of our movements?

Answer 49

- WALKING IN ITSELF REQUIRES SO MUCH EFFORT; MOVE AT A RATE OF HOW MUCH EFFORT WE HAVE TO PUT INTO IT. DEPENDS ON HOW MUCH EFFORT WE CHOOSE TO GIVE; OR ENERGY.

Question 50

symptoms with parkinson's

Answer 50

DEPRESSION, MEMORY, AND REASONING DEFICITS, LOSS OF OLFACTION (SMELL; ONE OF 1ST THINGS THAT TENDS TO GO), AND OTHER COGNITIVE DEFICITS

Question 51

loss of dopamine activity leads to less stimulation of motor cortex and slower onset of movements

Answer 51

cerebral cortex

Question 52

What about genetic influences?

Answer 52

1. STRONG) STUDIES SUGGEST EARLY- ONSET PARKINSON’S HAS A GENETIC LINK 2. GENETIC FACTORS ARE ONLY A SMALL FACTOR OF LATE ONSET PARKINSON’S DISEASE (AFTER 50)

Question 53

smoking and coffee

Answer 53

• ARE RELATED TO A DECREASED CHANCE OF DEVELOPING PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Question 54

why do coffee and smoking decrease chances?

Answer 54

• DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA OF CELLS SEEMS TO BE COMMON TO MOST FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Question 55

what effect of marijuana?

Answer 55

risk increases somewhat

Question 56

PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR PARKINSON’S AND IS A PRECURSOR TO DOPAMINE THAT EASILY CROSSES THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Answer 56

L-dopa Treatment

Question 57

Problems with L-dopa

Answer 57

1. Ineffective for some patients, especially those in late stages 2. L-dopa does not prevent continued loss of neurons 3. L-dopa produces unpleasant side effects; B/C IT ENTERS OTHER BRAIN CELLS

Question 58

- Disorder is associated with gradual, extensive brain damage, especially in caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Also in cerebral cortex

Answer 58

Huntington's disease