Chapter 13 Flashcards by Sarah Borja

pairing 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them

classical condition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

classical condition

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

classical condition

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

start by presenting; initially elicits no special response (e.g., sound from metronome)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

then present; Automatically elicits an Unconditioned response (e.g., meat elicits salvation in dog)

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After several pairings of the CS and UCS, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the CS

Conditioned Response (CR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After several pairings of the CS and UCS, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the CS

Conditioned Response (CR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any event that increases the future probability of the response

reinforcer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an event that suppresses the frequency of the response

punishment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

learning that occurs as result of observing the experiences of others

observational learning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the natural tendency to imitate the behaviors of significant others

modeling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food b/c it once made the person ill

conditioned taste aversion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food b/c it once made the person ill

conditioned taste aversion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pavlov’s proposal

classical conditioning reflects a strengthened connection between a CS center and a UCS center in the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the physical representation of what has been learned (e.g., a connection between 2 brain areas)

Engram

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, and any part of cortex can substitute for any other

equipotentiality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

mass action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

mass action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

looked for the engram in the cerebellum, not the cerebral cortex

thompson and colleagues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

distinguished between short-term memory and long-term memory

Hebb

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

memory for events that just occurred

Short-term memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

memory for events from further back

long-term memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago

delayed response task

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

alternative to short term memory

Working memory

memory loss

amnesia

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

retrograde amnesia

underwent surgery in 1953 for epileptic seizures- hippocampus removed from both hemispheres

H.M. (Henry Molaison)

underwent surgery in 1953 for epileptic seizures- hippocampus removed from both hemispheres

H.M. (Henry Molaison)

Memory for specific events in your life

episodic memory

memory involving a deliberate retrieval of info; you recognize it as a memory

Explicit memory

AKA declarative memory

explicit memory

An influence of recent experience on behavior. You don't recognize that influence (don't recognize it as a memory)

Implicit memory

Development of motor skills and habits; a special kind of implicit memory

procedural memory

The hippocampus is critical for declarative memory , especially episodic memory

larry Squire

Animal sees object (the sample) and then, after delay, gets a choice between 2 objects

delayed matching-to-sample task

the same, except that the animal must choose the object that's different from the sample

delayed nonmatching- to-sample task

the same, except that the animal must choose the object that's different from the sample

delayed nonmatching- to-sample task

has 8 or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end

radial maze

a rat must swim thru murky water to find a rest platform that's just under the surface

morris water maze task

brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency

korsakoff's syndrome (wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

dosomedial thalamus

the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex

dosomedial thalamus

the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex

guessing to fill in memory gaps

confabulation

part of the intracellular support structure of axons

tau protein

loss of certain types of semantic memory (knowledge)

semantic demntia

A synapse that increases in effectiveness b/c of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Hebbian synapse

A synapse that increases in effectiveness b/c of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Hebbian synapse

marine invertebrate related to the common slug

aplysia

touch the siphon, mantle, or grill and aplysia vigorously w/draws irritated structure

habituation

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli

sensitization

occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it w/brief but rapid series of stimuli

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

3 properties of LTP

specificity cooperativity associativity

opposite change than occurs in the hippocampus and cerebellum

Long-term depression (LTD)

NMDA receptor is different--

its response to glutamate depends on degree of polarization across the membrane

involves the way we store information while we're working with it

Working memory

often due to chronic alcoholism

Korsakoff's syndrome

Clumps of beta amyloid that cluster among axon terminals- lead to disruption of neural transmission

plaques

result from abnormal concentrations of tau protein inside neurons- lead to death of neurons

tangles

result from abnormal concentrations of tau protein inside neurons- lead to death of neurons

tangles

ppl w/parietal lobe damage

appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously (associating one piece of detail w/another)

ppl w/parietal lobe damage

appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously (associating one piece of detail w/another)

only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become streghtenred

specificity

simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon (2 is much better than 1)

cooperativity

pairing a weak input w/a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

associativity

a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others.

Long Term Depression (LTD)

What is the best way to improve learning and memory

to study better in the 1st place. if your curiosity is high you're more likely to remember the answer to a question. activity in several brain areas increase. a good study technique is to arouse curiosity in a person

Effects of stimulants (caffeine) and methylphenidate (ritalin)

both increase arousal thus help memory by increasing blood flow to the brain

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(69 cards)