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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

food

A

any substance that the body takes in and assimilate that will enable it to stay alive and grow

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2
Q

nutrition

A

study of nutrients in food and in the body

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3
Q

diet

A

foods (including beverages) a person usually eats and drinks

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4
Q

nutrients

A

components of food that are indispensable to the body’s functioning

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5
Q

what do nutrients do?

A

provide energy, serve as building material, help maintain or repair body parts, and support growth

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6
Q

what are the nutrients?

A

water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals

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7
Q

malnutrition

A

any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy intake or by an imbalance of nutrients

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8
Q

how many leading causes of death are related to nutrition in the top 10?

A

four

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9
Q

chronic diseases

A

illnesses that progress slowly, are long in duration, and that lack an immediate cure

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10
Q

genome

A

full complement of genetic information in the chromosomes of a cell

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11
Q

how many genes and supporting materials are in a genome?

A

35,000

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12
Q

genes

A

units of a cell’s inheritance

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13
Q

DNA

A

thread-like molecule that encodes genetic information in its structures

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14
Q

what is anemia?

A

blood condition in which red blood cells are inadequate or impaired and cannot meet the oxygen demands of the body

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15
Q

what is Healthy People 2020?

A

10 year objective by the US Department of Health and Human Services that guide national health promotion efforts

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16
Q

what is the vision of Healthy People 2020?

A

a society in which all people live long, healthy lives

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17
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work

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18
Q

what is food energy measured in?

A

calories

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19
Q

organic

A

carbon containing

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20
Q

which of the six classes of nutrients are organic?

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamins

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21
Q

grams

A

units of weight

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22
Q

how many grams equal an ounce?

A

28

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23
Q

energy-yielding nutrients

A

nutrients that the body can use for energy and supply the building blocks for body structure

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24
Q

what are the energy-yielding nutrients?

A

carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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25
essential nutrients
nutrients the body cannot make for itself from other raw materials
26
calories
units of energy
27
dietary supplements
pills, liquids, or powders containing purified nutrients or other ingredients
28
elemental diets
diets composed of purified ingredients of a known chemical composition
29
phytochemicals
compounds in plant-derived foods
30
bioactive
having biological activity in the body
31
how many calories per gram do carbohydrates have?
4 calories/gram
32
how many calories per gram do fats have?
9 calories/gram
33
how many calories per gram do proteins have?
4 calories/gram
34
how many calories per gram does alcohol have?
7 calories/gram
35
what are the macronutrients?
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
36
what are the micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
37
what are vitamins and minerals also known as?
regulator nutrients
38
eating pattern
habitual intake of foods and beverages over time
39
adequacy
providing all the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health and body weight
40
balance
providing foods of a number of types of proportion to each other
41
calorie control
control of energy intake
42
moderation
providing constituents within set limits, not in excess
43
variety
providing a wide selection of foods
44
legumes
beans, peas, lentils; inexpensive sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fiber that contribute little fat to the diet
45
cuisines
styles of cooking
46
foodways
sum of a culture's habits, customs, beliefs, and preferences concerning foods
47
ethnic foods
foods associated with particular cultural subgroups within a population
48
cultural compentence
having awareness and acceptance of one's own and others cultures and abilities leading to effective interactions with all kinds of people
49
omnivores
people who eat bot plant and animal origin
50
vegetarians
people who exclude animal flesh and possible other animal products (dairy) from their diets
51
what are the factors that drive food choices?
advertising, availability, cost, emotional comfort, habit, personal preference and genetic inheritance, positive or negative associations, region of country, social pressure, values or beliefs, weight, and nutrition and health benefits
52
is nutrition an art or a science?
science
53
case studies
studies of individuals that yield observations that may lead to possible avenues of research
54
epidemiological studies
studies of whole populations that provide another sort of information
55
correlation
something that is a factor of something else like gumdrop eating and tooth decay
56
intervention studies
studies in which researchers actively intervene to alter people's eating habits that go a step further
57
experimental group
one set of subjects that might receive a treatment
58
control group
one set of subjects that might go untreated or receive a placebo
59
placebo
sham treatment
60
blind experiment
subjects do no know who among the members receives the treatment and who receives the sham
61
laboratory studies
pinpoint mechanisms by which nutrition acts
62
what are intervention studies also called?
controlled clinical trials
63
what is NHANES?
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
64
what does NHANES do?
provide data to the US food consumption and nutrition status
65
precontemplation
collect information about health effects of current behaviors and potential benefits of change
66
contemplation
commit to making a change and set a date to start
67
preparation
write an action plan, spelling out specific parts of the change; set small-step goals; tell others about the plan
68
action
perform the new behavior; manage emotional and physical reactions to the change
69
maintenance
preserve through lapses; teach others and help them achieve their own goals; can last for years
70
adoption/moving on
after months or a year of maintenance without lapses, move on to other goals
71
both heart disease and cancer are due to genetic causes, and diet cannot influence whether they occur
false
72
the nutrition objectives for the nation, as part of Healthy People 2020
envision and society in which all people live long, healthy lives AND set US nutrition and weight related goals, one decade at a time
73
some conditions, such as _____, are almost entirely nutrition related
iron deficiency anemia
74
according to a national 2010 health report
most people's diet lacked enough fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
75
energy-yielding nutrients include all of the following accept _____
vitamins
76
organic nutrients include all of the following except
minerals
77
both carbohydrate and protein have 4 calories per gram
true
78
one of the characteristics of a nutritious diet is that the diet provides no constituent in excess. this principle of diet planning is called
moderation
79
which of the following is an example of processed foods?
bread
80
people most often choose foods for the nutrients they provide
false
81
studies of population in which observation is accomplished by experimental manipulation of some population members are referred to as _____
intervention studies
82
an important nation food and nutrient intake survey, called What We Eat in America, is part of
NHANES
83
behavior changes is a process that takes place in stages
true
84
a person who is setting goals in preparation for a behavior change is in a stage called precontemplation
false
85
a slice of peach pie supplies 357 calories with 48 units of vitamin a; one large peach provides 42 calories and 53 units of vitamin a . this is an example of _____
nutrient density
86
a person who wishes to meet nutrient needs while not overconsuming calories is wise to master
the concept of nutrient density
87
these "red flags" can help to identify nutrient quackery
enticing quick and simple answers to complex problems, casts suspicion on the regular food supply, and offers solid support and praise from users
88
in this nation, stringent controls make it difficult to obtain a bogus nutrition credentials
false
89
complex carbohydrates are called?
polysaccharides
90
simple carbohydrates are called?
monosaccharides and disaccharides
91
what is an example of a statin drug?
lipitor
92
how many amino acids are there?
20
93
how many of the amino acids are essential?
9
94
how many vitamins have we discovered?
14
95
what are the water soluble vitamins?
b complex and vitamin c
96
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins a, d, e, and k
97
how many drinks a day is the allowance for men?
2 drinks per day
98
how many drinks a day is the allowance for women?
1 drink per day
99
how many minerals are there?
15

Nutrition (6 decks)

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