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PSY224-Test 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Statistics

A

Focuses on the organization, analysis, and interpretation of a group of numbers
Method of pursuing truth

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2
Q

2 Types of Statistics

A

Descriptive

Inferential

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3
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Summarizing a group of scores or otherwise making them more understandable
To describe a group of numbers from a research study

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4
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Drawing conclusions based on the scores collected in a research study but going beyond them

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5
Q

Example of Interferential Statistics

A

Making inferences about a large group of individuals based on a research study in which a much smaller number of individuals took part in

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6
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic that can have different values

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7
Q

Values

A

Possible number/category that a score can have

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8
Q

Score

A

Particular persons value on a variable

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9
Q

Numerical Variable

A

Values are number

Quantitative variable

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10
Q

Types of Numeric Variables

A

Equal-Interval Variable
Rank-Order Variable
Nominal Variable

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11
Q

Equal-Interval Variable

A

The numbers stand for approximately equal amounts of what is being measured

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12
Q

Example of Equal-Interval Variables

A

Difference between 2.5 and 2.8 is = to the difference 3.0 and 3.3

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13
Q

Ratio Scale

A

An equal-interval variable is measured on a ratio scale if it has an absolute zero point
The value of zero on the variable indicates a complete absence of the variable.

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14
Q

Rank-Order Variable

A

Numeric variable in which the values are ranks

Ordinal variable

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15
Q

Example of Rank-Order Variable

A

Class standings,

Place finished in a race

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16
Q

Nominal Variable

A

Values that are categories
Names, not numbers
Also called categorical variable

17
Q

Levels of Measurement

A

Types of underlying measures and numerical information provided by a measure, such as equal-interval, rank-order, and nominal

18
Q

Discrete Variable

A

Has specific values and that cannot have values between these specific values (whole numbers)

19
Q

Continuous Variable

A

Infinite number of values between any two values

20
Q

Frequency Tables

A

Ordered listing of number of individuals having each of the different values for a particular variable

21
Q

Grouped Frequency Tables

A

Frequency table in which the number of individuals (frequency) is given for each interval of values

22
Q

Intervals

A

Range of values in a grouped frequency tables that are grouped together

23
Q

Histograms

A

Bar-like graph of a frequency distribution in which the values are plotted along horizontal axis and bar height is the frequency

24
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Pattern of frequencies over the various values

25
Q

Unimodal Distribution

A

FD with 1 value clearly having a larger frequency than any other

26
Q

Bimodal Distribution

A

FD with 2 approximately equal frequencies, clearly larger than any of the others

27
Q

Multimodal Distribution

A

FD with 2+ high frequencies separated by a lower frequency

28
Q

Rectangular Distribution

A

FD where all values have approximately the same frequency

29
Q

Symmetrical Distribution

A

Pattern of frequency on the left and right side are mirror images of each other

30
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

Scores pile up on one side of the middle and are spread out on the other side

31
Q

Skewed to the Left

A

Also called negatively skewed

Tail to the left

32
Q

Skewed to the Right

A

Also called positively skewed

Tail to the right

33
Q

Floor Effect

A

Many scores pile up at the low end of a distribution because it is not possible to have any lower

34
Q

Ceiling Effect

A

Many scores pile up at the high end because it is not possible to have a higher score

35
Q

Normal Curve

A

Specific, mathematically defined , bell-shaped frequency distribution that is symmetrical and unimodal

36
Q

Kurtosis

A

Extent to which a FD deviates from a normal curve in terms of whether its curve in the middle is more peaked or flat than the normal curve

37
Q

Controversy

A

Misleading graphs
Failure to use equal interval sides
Exaggeration of proportions

PSY224-Test 1 (4 decks)

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