Chapter 1

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

Focuses on the organization, analysis, and interpretation of a group of numbers
Method of pursuing truth

Question 2

2 Types of Statistics

Answer 2

Descriptive

Inferential

Question 3

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 3

Summarizing a group of scores or otherwise making them more understandable
To describe a group of numbers from a research study

Question 4

Inferential Statistics

Answer 4

Drawing conclusions based on the scores collected in a research study but going beyond them

Question 5

Example of Interferential Statistics

Answer 5

Making inferences about a large group of individuals based on a research study in which a much smaller number of individuals took part in

Question 6

Variable

Answer 6

Characteristic that can have different values

Question 7

Values

Answer 7

Possible number/category that a score can have

Question 8

Score

Answer 8

Particular persons value on a variable

Question 9

Numerical Variable

Answer 9

Values are number

Quantitative variable

Question 10

Types of Numeric Variables

Answer 10

Equal-Interval Variable
Rank-Order Variable
Nominal Variable

Question 11

Equal-Interval Variable

Answer 11

The numbers stand for approximately equal amounts of what is being measured

Question 12

Example of Equal-Interval Variables

Answer 12

Difference between 2.5 and 2.8 is = to the difference 3.0 and 3.3

Question 13

Ratio Scale

Answer 13

An equal-interval variable is measured on a ratio scale if it has an absolute zero point
The value of zero on the variable indicates a complete absence of the variable.

Question 14

Rank-Order Variable

Answer 14

Numeric variable in which the values are ranks

Ordinal variable

Question 15

Example of Rank-Order Variable

Answer 15

Class standings,

Place finished in a race

Question 16

Nominal Variable

Answer 16

Values that are categories
Names, not numbers
Also called categorical variable

Question 17

Levels of Measurement

Answer 17

Types of underlying measures and numerical information provided by a measure, such as equal-interval, rank-order, and nominal

Question 18

Discrete Variable

Answer 18

Has specific values and that cannot have values between these specific values (whole numbers)

Question 19

Continuous Variable

Answer 19

Infinite number of values between any two values

Question 20

Frequency Tables

Answer 20

Ordered listing of number of individuals having each of the different values for a particular variable

Question 21

Grouped Frequency Tables

Answer 21

Frequency table in which the number of individuals (frequency) is given for each interval of values

Question 22

Intervals

Answer 22

Range of values in a grouped frequency tables that are grouped together

Question 23

Histograms

Answer 23

Bar-like graph of a frequency distribution in which the values are plotted along horizontal axis and bar height is the frequency

Question 24

Frequency Distribution

Answer 24

Pattern of frequencies over the various values

Question 25

Unimodal Distribution

Answer 25

FD with 1 value clearly having a larger frequency than any other

Question 26

Bimodal Distribution

Answer 26

FD with 2 approximately equal frequencies, clearly larger than any of the others

Question 27

Multimodal Distribution

Answer 27

FD with 2+ high frequencies separated by a lower frequency

Question 28

Rectangular Distribution

Answer 28

FD where all values have approximately the same frequency

Question 29

Symmetrical Distribution

Answer 29

Pattern of frequency on the left and right side are mirror images of each other

Question 30

Skewed Distribution

Answer 30

Scores pile up on one side of the middle and are spread out on the other side

Question 31

Skewed to the Left

Answer 31

Also called negatively skewed | Tail to the left

Question 32

Skewed to the Right

Answer 32

Also called positively skewed | Tail to the right

Question 33

Floor Effect

Answer 33

Many scores pile up at the low end of a distribution because it is not possible to have any lower

Question 34

Ceiling Effect

Answer 34

Many scores pile up at the high end because it is not possible to have a higher score

Question 35

Normal Curve

Answer 35

Specific, mathematically defined , bell-shaped frequency distribution that is symmetrical and unimodal

Question 36

Kurtosis

Answer 36

Extent to which a FD deviates from a normal curve in terms of whether its curve in the middle is more peaked or flat than the normal curve

Question 37

Controversy

Answer 37

Misleading graphs Failure to use equal interval sides Exaggeration of proportions