W1

Question 1

Purpose of A Research Study

Answer 1

To test a theory of the effectiveness of a practical application

Question 2

The True Experiment

Answer 2

Standard against which all other methods are compared

Question 3

Experimental Group

Answer 3

A group in which the level of X is changed

Question 4

Control Group

Answer 4

Comparison group in which X is kept at normal levels

Question 5

Participants

Answer 5

Individuals studied in research

Question 6

Independent Variable

Answer 6

Variable that is systematically changed

Divides the groups

Question 7

Experimental Manipulation

Answer 7

Procedure of systematically changing the IV

Question 8

Dependent Variable

Answer 8

Variable that is supposed to change as a result of the study

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

All the people on earth of the type being studied

Question 10

Sample

Answer 10

Particular participants selected to be studied form a population

Question 11

Characteristics of the Ideal Research Design (4)

Answer 11

1. Participants in the experimental and control groups are identical
2. EG and CG are exposed to identical situations (except for manipulation of IV)
3. Sample studied perfectly represents the intended population
4. Measurement of the DV is completely accurate and appropriate for what is supposed to be measuring

Question 12

Random Assignment

Answer 12

No systematic difference

‘Random’ meaning the use of a strictly random procedure and not ‘randomly’ choosing people

Question 13

Matched Group Design

Answer 13

Matching two groups together

No control group (kinda)

Question 14

Repeated Measure Design

Answer 14

Create 2 identical groups by testing the same people twice
Weak because if changes found, there are many other explanations that are possible
Stronger in a lab experiment to prove the accuracy

Question 15

Counterbalancing

Answer 15

Half of the participants are tested first in one condition and the other half first in the other condition

Question 16

Correlation Research Design

Answer 16

Tests whether there is an association between two variables as they exist in a group of people without any attempt at experimental manipulation

Question 17

Single Subject Research

Answer 17

Intense examination of a single group, organization, or individual, using the case study of participant observation approach

Question 18

Why is Single Subject Research Used?

Answer 18

Because it gives a rich understanding of all the complexities of what is being studied rather than forcing attention on a few variables that could/could not be critical

Question 19

Placebo Effects

Answer 19

The influence of a participant’s expectation or motivation to do well

Question 20

Hawthorne Effects

Answer 20

The influence of the attention the participant receives and of the participant’s reaction to being a participant

Question 21

Experimenter Effects

Answer 21

Unintended influences of the researcher on the study

Question 22

Generalizability

Answer 22

Particular sample of participants studied accurately represents the larger population

Question 23

Internal Validity

Answer 23

The equivalence of the experimental and control groups and equivalence of circumstances

Question 24

Random Sampling

Answer 24

Optimal method for ensuring that a particular group of people studied is representative of the larger population

Question 25

Example of Self-Report

Answer 25

Questionnaires or interviews

Question 26

Example of Behavioral

Answer 26

Rating scales of children's play behavior, number of customers that enter a store, reaction times

Question 27

Example of Physiological

Answer 27

Hormone levels, heart rate, blood flow, etc.

Question 28

Ways of Measurement

Answer 28

Self-Report Behavioral Physiological

Question 29

Test Retest Reliability

Answer 29

Same group is tested twice

Question 30

Internal Consistency

Answer 30

Scores on half are compared to scores on other half

Question 31

Interrater Reliability

Answer 31

Degree of agreement between observers

Question 32

Reliability

Answer 32

Accuracy/consistency

Question 33

Validity

Answer 33

Whether it actually measures what it claims to

Question 34

Response Bias

Answer 34

Respondents try to make a good impression or to answer thinking they satisfy the observer/researcher

Question 35

Content Validity

Answer 35

Content of measure appears to get at all the different aspects of things being measured

Question 36

Criterion-Related Validity

Answer 36

Doing a special study in which the researcher compares scores on the measure to some other likely indicator

Question 37

Predictive Validity

Answer 37

Used especially where a measure is designed for predictive purposes (job or educational placement)

Question 38

Concurrent Validity

Answer 38

Comparing scores on one measure to those on another that directly measures the same thing

Question 39

Construct Validity

Answer 39

A study using this measure successfully showed an effect that was predicted by theory