Chapter 1

Question 1

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

Answer 1

Atom

Question 2

The even smaller parts of an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons)

Answer 2

Subatomic particles

Question 3

Electrically positive subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 3

Protons

Question 4

Electrically neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 4

Neutrons

Question 5

Electronically negative subatomic particles found in a cloud around the nucleus of an atom

Answer 5

Electrons

Question 6

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Answer 6

Element

Question 7

Elements known to be essential to life

Answer 7

Essential elements (CHNOPS- carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur)

Question 8

Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities (iron)

Answer 8

Trace elements

Question 9

Substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

Answer 9

Compound

Question 10

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Answer 10

Isotopes

Question 11

An unstable isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

Answer 11

Radioactive isotopes

Question 12

The ability to do work

Answer 12

Energy

Question 13

The ability to make something happen that wouldn’t happen itself

Answer 13

Work

Question 14

Energy that matter stores because of its position or location

Answer 14

Potential energy

Question 15

The energy of motion

Answer 15

Kinetic energy

Question 16

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Answer 16

Activation energy

Question 17

A spontaneous reaction, can be endothermic or exothermic

Answer 17

Exergonic reaction

Question 18

A non-spontaneous reaction, can be endothermic or exothermic

Answer 18

Endergonic reaction

Question 19

The attractions that hold atoms in interaction

Answer 19

Chemical bonds

Question 20

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms (H2, O2, H2O, CH4)

Answer 20

Covalent bonds

Question 21

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Answer 21

Molecule

Question 22

The abbreviation of a structure using lines to show bonds (H-H)

Answer 22

Structural formula

Question 23

Anything that takes up space and has mass, material of which things are made

Answer 23

Matter

Question 24

The abbreviation of a structure using subscripts (H2)

Answer 24

Molecular formula

Question 25

The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons, such as in to oxygen atoms

Answer 25

Double covalent bond

Question 26

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

Answer 26

Electronegativity

Question 27

Two atoms with equal electronegativity, the electrons are equally shared Think of 2 dogs of equal size with an equal hold on a bone. Common example: oil

Answer 27

Nonpolar covalent bond

Question 28

Two atoms with unequal Electronegativity, the electrons are found more on one side than the other Think of 2 dogs of unequal size with an unequal hold on a bone. Common example: water

Answer 28

Polar covalent bond

Question 29

A charged atom

Answer 29

Ion

Question 30

A positive ion

Answer 30

Cation

Question 31

A negative ion

Answer 31

Anion

Question 32

The attraction of a cation and an anion that form an interaction, strongest type of bond, results from a transfer of electrons Think of one large dog and one small dog

Answer 32

Ionic bond

Question 33

Compound formed by ionic bonds, also known as salts

Answer 33

Ionic compound

Question 34

An interaction where a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another hydrogen on an electronegative atom

Answer 34

Hydrogen bond

Question 35

The brief interaction of positively and negatively charged regions of nonpolar molecules

Answer 35

Van Der Waals interaction

Question 36

The making and breaking of chemical bonds that lead to changes in the composition of matter

Answer 36

Chemical reactions

Question 37

The starting materials in a chemical reaction

Answer 37

Reactants

Question 38

The final materials in a chemical reaction

Answer 38

Products

Question 39

Reactions are still going on, but with no net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products

Answer 39

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 40

Reaction in which one of the reactants loses electrons becoming more positive

Answer 40

Oxidation

Question 41

Reaction in which one of the reactants gains electrons, becoming more negative

Answer 41

Reduction