Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

• 5 things

Answer 1

• Scientific study of all behavior and mental processes
• It is a scientific study
• Deals with all processes
• Deals with behavior
• Mental proceses

Question 2

Scientific study

Answer 2

Uses objective methods and follows ethical guidelines

Question 3

Deals with all processes

Answer 3

• Both destructive and productive

* In organisms (wetware) and machines (hardware and software)

Question 4

Deals with behavior
•definition
•3 examples

Answer 4

• Behavior is an observable action

* Smoking, spoken/written words, brain waves

Question 5

Mental processes
•definition
•3 examples

Answer 5

• inferred by observing behavior

* problem solving, emotion, imagination

Question 6

7 contemporary approaches

Answer 6

1. Biological/neuroscience
2. Behavioral approach
3. Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical
4. Humanistic
5. Cognitive
6. Evolutionary
7. Sociocultural

Question 7

Biological/neuroscience

Answer 7

Focusing on brain and nervous system

Question 8

Behavioral approach

Answer 8

Behavior shaped by the environment

Question 9

Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical

Answer 9

Unconscious forces and childhood experiences

Question 10

Humanistic

Answer 10

Strengths, growth, freedom of choice

Question 11

Cognitive

Answer 11

Mental processes, such as memory and interlligence

Question 12

Evolutionary

Answer 12

Adapting to meet basic needs

Question 13

Sociocultural

Answer 13

Influence of social environment on development

Question 14

3 types of psych research

Answer 14

1. Experimental (shows cause and effect)
2. Descriptive (Gives data some content)
3. Correlational (shows relationships)

Question 15

Variables

Answer 15

Conditions/ characteristics that can change (within) or differ (between)

Question 16

Operational defintion

Answer 16

Exactly how a variable is measured

• sleep deprivation = X hrs without sleep

Question 17

Two categories of variables

Answer 17

1. Independent

2. Dependent

Question 18

Independent variable

Answer 18

• directly manipulated
• experimenter controls
• example: I said memorize words

Question 19

Dependent variable

Answer 19

• changes after manipulation
• depends on participants
• these are the outcomes
• Example: her scores

Question 20

2014 sleep deprivation vs memorization experiment (Fostick)

• what were the 2 variables

Answer 20

1. Amount of sleep

2. Speech perception

Question 21

What was the control group? experimental group?

Answer 21

• control group: regular sleep (18 young adults)

* experimental group: 24 hrs w/o sleep (55 young adults who were checked every 20 minutes)

Question 22

Speech perception

Answer 22

Repeating words presented at different speeds and types of background noise

Question 23

Minimizing confounding variables

Answer 23

• Other influences/ interference = confounding variables
• had to have normal hearing
• Tested in native language
• No learning disabilities

Question 24

Once planned, secure approvals by

Answer 24

Humans- goes through Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Non humans- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Question 25

what does the Institutional Review Board look for

Answer 25

Informed consent from participants

Question 26

4 types of descriptive studies

Answer 26

1. Case study 2. Interviews and focus groups 3. Surveys and questionnaires 4. Observations

Question 27

Do descriptive studies show cause and effect? If not then what do they show?

Answer 27

No they do not. They show context or relationship to other variables

Question 28

``` Correlational research •definition • what does it show •what is it •what are the ranges ```

Answer 28

* Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together * shows relationships, associations * a statistic * -1.00 to +1.00 * (closer to 0 = weak, no valuable relationship, closer to either -1.00 or +1.00 = strong, important relationship)

Question 29

Positive correlation

Answer 29

Variables move in the same direction

Question 30

Critical thinking

Answer 30

: process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions and evaluating

Question 31

Empirical Method

Answer 31

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning

Question 32

Neuroscience

Answer 32

Scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

Question 33

Psychology's scientific method | 5 steps

Answer 33

1. Observing some phenomenon 2. Formulating hypothesis and predictions 3. Testing through empirical research 4. Drawing conclusions 5. Evaluating conclusions

Question 34

3 types of research

Answer 34

1. Descriptive research 2. Correlational research 3. Experimental research

Question 35

Longitudinal design

Answer 35

Systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

Question 36

Experiment

Answer 36

Carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable

Question 37

Random assignment

Answer 37

Resarcher’s assignment to participants to groups by chance to reduce the likelihood than an experiments results will be due to preexisting differences between groups

Question 38

Confederate

Answer 38

A person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated

Question 39

Sample

Answer 39

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator f or study

Question 40

Naturalistic observation

Answer 40

the observation of behavior in a real-world setting