Chapter 1

Question 1

Beliefs about human behavior that are handed down, usually by culture or society

Answer 1

Tradition/Authority

Four ways of knowing

Question 2

Knowing something by unexplained means

Answer 2

Intuition

Four ways of meaning

Question 3

The premise that knowledge should be squired through observation

Answer 3

Empiricism
Four ways of knowing
PSYCHOLOGY

Question 4

Behavior
Material objects
Measurement
Date

Answer 4

Data land: observable behavior

Question 5

Ideas
Concepts
Hypothesis
Theories

Answer 5

Theory land: How to explain behavior

Question 6

Variables in theories. Also an inferred cause of measurable events or processes. Should have effects locally related to it where the effects are logically related to each other.

Answer 6

Construct

Question 7

Taking a psychological construct and finding some way to measure it

Answer 7

Operational definition

Question 8

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 8

Hypothesis

Question 9

A system of interrelated ideas that are used to explain observations based on research. Purpose is to organize observations, understand the nature of phenomena, explain relationships, and make predictions

Answer 9

Theories

Question 10

Experimental psychology
Individual differences
Clinical approaches

Answer 10

Three traditions of psychology

Question 11

Experimental psychology: behavior is a result of experiences

Answer 11

Behavioral psychology

Question 12

Experimental psychology: behavior is a function of internal mental processes

Answer 12

Cognitive psychology

Question 13

Experimental psychology: behavior is a result of mental processes

Answer 13

Neuroscience

Question 14

Experimental methods

Answer 14

Experimental psychology

Question 15

Correlation methods

Answer 15

Individual differences

Question 16

Case studies

Answer 16

Clinical approaches

Question 17

Founding father of psychology. Found things out by experimentation and focused on structuralism, which analyzes conscious experience into its basic elements

Answer 17

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 18

Founding father of psychology. Found out the “why” in psychology. Investigated the purposes and meanings behind consciousness

Answer 18

William James

Question 19

Behaviors list who believed that behavior is a function of the environment or experience

Answer 19

B.F. Skinner

Question 20

Cognitive and neuroscience psychologist who believed that behavior is a function of internal mental processes

Answer 20

Jean Piaget

Question 21

Believed behavior results from unconscious desires. Non-academia and not research based. Focuses on curing mentally ill

Answer 21

Sigmund Freud

Question 22

set of cognitive skills and strategies for evaluating all claims in an open minded and clear fashion. Increase the probability of a desired outcome.

Answer 22

Critical thinking

Question 23

Principle of scientific thinking: figure out if you’ve explored all possibilities

Answer 23

Ruling out rival hypotheses

Question 24

Principle of scientific thinking: correlation designs don’t permit causation

Answer 24

Correlation vs. causation

Question 25

Principle of scientific thinking: Is the evidence capable of being disproved?

Answer 25

Falsifiability

Question 26

Principle of scientific thinking: findings can be repeated

Answer 26

Reliability

Question 27

Principle of scientific thinking: extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

Answer 27

Extraordinary claims

Question 28

Principle of scientific thinking: simplistic explanation is usually right

Answer 28

Occam’s Razor

Question 29

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports out hypotheses and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them

Answer 29

Confirmation bias

Question 30

The tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Answer 30

Belief perseverance

Question 31

Forming a narrative that makes sense. Philosophers think this way

Answer 31

Rationalism

Four ways of knowing