Chapter 2

Question 1

Based on our descriptions

Answer 1

Goals of science: prediction

Question 2

Using out descriptions and ability to predict to create better environments

Answer 2

Goals of science: control

Question 3

Describing the world as it is

Answer 3

Descriptive approach

Question 4

Watching behavior unfold in the real world

Answer 4

Naturalistic observation

Question 5

Using questionnaires and other means to determine attitudes

Answer 5

Surveys

Question 6

Finding out things about an individual helps us understand some issue or characteristic

Answer 6

Case studies

Question 7

Surveys can provide lots of information
Case studies allow us to study rare or unusual phenomenon
Case studies take a long time and don’t allow us to infer causation

Answer 7

Positives and negatives of descriptive methods

Question 8

Use statistics to explore connections between characteristics and events

Answer 8

Correlations

Question 9

1.0

Answer 9

Strong correlation

Question 10

-1.0

Answer 10

Strong negative correlation

Question 11

Seeing a correlation where none exist, an illusion

Answer 11

Illusory correlation

Question 12

Manipulating events to determine cause and effect relationships

Answer 12

Experimental method

Question 13

1. Manipulates a variable to determine effects
2. Done under controlled conditions
3. Determine cause and effect relationships
4. Likely to occur after we have gathered information via other research methods

Answer 13

Four features of experiments

Question 14

Measure of the central scores in a data set, or where a group tends to cluster

Answer 14

Central tendency

Question 15

Average

Answer 15

Mean

Question 16

Middle score of data

Answer 16

Median

Question 17

Where group tends to cluster

Answer 17

Mode

Question 18

Measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean. Is a ball curve

Answer 18

Standard deviation

Question 19

Accurate measurements are important

Answer 19

Goals of science: description

Question 20

Based on our descriptions

Answer 20

Goals of Science: Prediction

Question 21

Using our descriptions and ability to predict to create better environments

Answer 21

Goals of Science: Control

Question 22

Describing the world as it is

Answer 22

Descriptive approach

Question 23

Watching behavior unfold in the real world

Answer 23

Descriptive approach: Naturalistic observation

Question 24

Using questionnaires to gather information

Answer 24

Descriptive methods: Surveys

Question 25

Finding out things about an individual helps us understand some issue or characteristic.

Answer 25

Descriptive methods: Case studies

Question 26

Manipulating events to determine cause and effect relationships

Answer 26

Experimental method

Question 27

Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.

Answer 27

Inferential statistics

Question 28

The process of quantifying observations on psychological variables for applied or research purposes.

Answer 28

Measurement

Question 29

Consistency of measurement. Reliability is necessary for validity because we need to measure something consistently before we can measure it well. i.e. Test-retest reliability

Answer 29

Reliability

Question 30

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

Answer 30

Validity

Question 31

Informed consent Protection from harm and discomfort Deception and debriefing

Answer 31

Ethical Principles in Psychology

Question 32

Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world. Humans use heuristics to have a shortcut in thinking.

Answer 32

Heuristic

Question 33

Heuristic that involved estimating the likelihood of an event based on the ease which it comes to our minds. i.e. asking about number of murders in Detroit vs. Michigan

Answer 33

Availability Heuristic

Question 34

Heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to an event.

Answer 34

Representative Heuristic

Question 35

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them

Answer 35

Confirmation bias

Question 36

How common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population

Answer 36

Base rates

Question 37

Systematic errors in thinking

Answer 37

Cognitive bias

Question 38

Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes

Answer 38

Hindsight bias

Question 39

Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions

Answer 39

Overconfidence

Question 40

Part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord that controls mind and behavior. Sensory info comes in and decisions come out

Answer 40

Central nervous system

Question 41

Nerves in the body that extend outside the CNS

Answer 41

Peripheral nervous system

Question 42

Fight, flight, feeling, and reproductive behavior

Answer 42

Autonomic

Question 43

Involuntary movements and sensation. Rest and digest. Reflexes

Answer 43

Somatic

Question 44

Rest, energy storage

Answer 44

Parasympathetic

Question 45

Action, energy mobilization

Answer 45

Sympathetic

Question 46

The brain is not fully developed until 25 years of age

Answer 46

Why car insurance is higher for youth