Chapter 1

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

view that knowledge comes from observation and experience (psychology is inherently observable in nature)

Question 2

Dualism

Answer 2

belief that the body and mind are separate

Question 3

(Fields of Basic Research) Abnormal

Answer 3

maladaptive behaviour, emotion, and thought pattern development; mental illness biology

ex. why depression rate is 2x as high in women than men

Question 4

(Fields of Basic Research) Behavioural Genetics

Answer 4

linking individual behavioural differences to genetic factors

ex. genetic markers for autism

Question 5

(Fields of Basic Research) Behavioural Neuroscience

Answer 5

linking individual behavioural differences to activity or physical components of the brain

ex. facial processing to area of brain’s cortex

Question 6

(Fields of Basic Research) Cognitive

Answer 6

Info processing (attention, perception, memory, problem solving, language, thought)

Question 7

(Fields of Basic Research) Comparative

Answer 7

comparing nonhuman animals to (usually) find commonalities

Question 8

(Fields of Basic Research) Personality

Answer 8

characteristic differences or traits that affect behaviour

ex. extraversion and one’s behaviour

Question 9

(Fields of Basic Research) Developmental

Answer 9

thoughts and behaviours that change with age

ex. age decline

Question 10

(Fields of Basic Research) Social

Answer 10

Influence of social environment

ex. how/why people are persuaded by argument/advertisements

Question 11

Applied research

Answer 11

to discover new or more effective ways to solve a problem

Question 12

Applied Practice

Answer 12

actual application of techniques to problems themselves

Question 13

Translational Research

Answer 13

having basic research to guide applied solutions

Question 14

Factors of Applied Psychology

Answer 14

Consumer behaviour, educational, forensic and legal, political, health, human factors, industrial and organizational, school

Question 15

Clinical Psychology

Answer 15

focus on identifying, preventing, and relieving psychological distress or dysfunction

Question 16

Psychiatrists

Answer 16

medical doctors that focus on diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

Question 17

Counseling Psychologists

Answer 17

helping people deal with ongoing life problems or stressors/transitions from life situations (ex. marriage counselors)

Question 18

Nativism (extreme - biological determinism)

Answer 18

some forms of knowledge are innate

Question 19

“Ponzo” Illusion

Answer 19

Lines are equal length, but innate understanding of depth cues confuses us

Question 20

Müller-Lyer Illusion

Answer 20

three lines with arrowheads at the end, middle arrow has arrowhead tip on the line so it appears longer

Question 21

Natural Selection

Answer 21

adaptive traits, extending to behavioural tendencies and human behaviour, tend to spread throughout a population because of its benefits

Question 22

Four Basic Principles in Natural Selection

Answer 22

Variations in phenotypes, heritability, “struggle for existence”, variations in survival and reproduction

Question 23

Types of Selection

Answer 23

Directional (extreme), Stabilizing (middle range), Disruptive (not middle, both extremes), Sexual (attractive or intimidation), Artificial (dogs, wheat)

Question 24

Phrenology

Answer 24

shape of the skull was the result of size of brain structures beneath it

Question 25

Structuralism

Answer 25

primary goal is to break down conscious experience into its most basic parts

Question 26

Systematic Introspection

Answer 26

attempted to standardize the way conscious experiences were reported so that one's experiences could be compared to another's more effectively

Question 27

Functionalism

Answer 27

first understand the function of a behaviour or mental process in order to understand how the parts work together

Question 28

Gestalt psychology

Answer 28

how people perceived a unified whole out of chaotic individual elements of sensation

Question 29

Operant conditioning

Answer 29

behaviour modifications using rewards or punishments

Question 30

Cognitive Revolution

Answer 30

start of modern scientific study of the mind

Question 31

Psychoanalysis

Answer 31

analyzing contents of the unconscious mind so that relevant thoughts and feelings could be brought up to the level of consciousness; patients needed insight into unconscious factors affecting them

Question 32

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 32

proposes that people have free will and the capacity to realize their own potential - creativity, choice, potential for growth

Question 33

Positive Psychology

Answer 33

focused not what can go wrong with humans but how positive outcomes can be achieved and how humans can flourish

Question 34

Eclectic Approach

Answer 34

ideas taken from a variety of sources

Question 35

Levels of Explanation

Answer 35

ultimate and proximate explanations

Question 36

Ultimate Explanations

Answer 36

(evolutionary) why a psychological phenomenon occurs by appealing to its role in the process of evolution ex. crying is a signal to caregivers

Question 37

Proximate explanations

Answer 37

(situational) immediate cause of psychological phenomenon | ex. crying because baby needs food or are scared

Question 38

Functional Explanations

Answer 38

(proximate explanations) seek to identify specific problem as cause of phenomenon ex. providing food or removing painful object

Question 39

Process-oriented explanations

Answer 39

(proximate explanations) how a specific mental or physical process explains phenomenon ex. crying is result of biological processes happening in tear duct

Question 40

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 40

how mental processes and behaviour have developed over evolutionary history

Question 41

Culture

Answer 41

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and customs belonging to a specific group/community

Question 42

Feminist Psychology

Answer 42

analyzes role that gender plays in person's development and behaviours; cultural differences in ways society raises men and women

Question 43

Intersectional Approach

Answer 43

people not defined by single aspect of identities