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Psychology 100 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

sensations

A

features of the environment, like electromagnetic wavelengths of light or changes in air pressure, creating sound, used to create an understanding of the world

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2
Q

transduced

A

translated (sensations transduced by senstory system into electrochemical language of brain)

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3
Q

perception

A

an idea; brain takes message and combines it with previous experience to create an understanding

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

starts with physical message or sensations; early level analysis that prepares info for use

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

combine early neural organization with understanding of world to interpret and organize info into something of value

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6
Q

figure-ground principle

A

tuning out all background information to focus

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7
Q

Laws of Gestalt/Gestalt principles of organization

A

ways one sees the world

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8
Q

proximity

A

objects close to one another will be grouped together

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9
Q

principle of similarity

A

physically similar objects will be grouped together

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10
Q

principle of closure

A

perceive whole objects even when parts are missing

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11
Q

principle of good continuation

A

lines cross or interrupted, tend to see continuously flowing lines

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12
Q

principle of common fate

A

objects moving together grouped together

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13
Q

cornea

A

outermost, transparent, protective layer of eye that contributes to ability to focus

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14
Q

pupil

A

hole in front of eye that expands and contracts

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15
Q

Iris

A

attached muscles control size of pupil; mainly gives eye colour

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16
Q

accommodation

A

refracts light and brings object into focus against sensory cells in retina; determined by distance between lens and viewed object (close-thick and round)

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17
Q

rods and cones

A

transduce energy into neural language; contains photopigment sensitive to light (about 126 million)

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18
Q

fovea

A

cluster of cones

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19
Q

visaul acuity

A

cones transmit info about fine detail

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20
Q

rods

A

sensitive to lower levels of light; compile early processing about object and motion locations

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21
Q

cones

A

better with lots of light in environment; only cells that communicate info about wavelength, perceived as colour

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22
Q

bipolar cells

A

summate firing of several photoreceptors and send different kinds of messages to ganglion cells

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23
Q

optic nerve

A

made up of axons of both ganglion cells

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24
Q

Optic chiasm

A

axons from each eye reorganized for more sophisticated processing (right side of both eyes sent to left hemisphere; vice versa)

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25
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of thalamus
each of the six sublayers deals with different types of info corresponding to M and P cells; opponent process maintained here as well
26
Visual Striate Cortex or Visual Cortex (VC))
important features of visual world assembled and identified
27
retinotopic organization
spatial organization how we maintain map of visual world through processing
28
ventral (what) stream
info then travels to temporal lobe where visual info is identified
29
dorsal (where) stream
carries visual info to parietal lobe for location of visual object
30
limbic system
helps provide feeling and reaction to seeing visual object
31
color
perception of red (670nm), green (540nm), blues (450nm), white is all colours
32
trichromatic theory
proposes that color info is identified by comparing activation of three different cones
33
image after effect
brain interprets colour as something else?
34
monocular depth cues - pictorial cues
require one eye; represented on two-dimensional canvas
35
occlusion (monocular)
one image partially blocks the view of a second object and is seen as further away
36
Relative Height (monocular)
relative to horizon (ie. closer to horizon is farther away from us)
37
Relative size
when two objects are of equal size, the one farther away will take up a smaller portion of the retina
38
Ames illusion (monocular)
trapezoidal room that makes person look much larger on one side and smaller on the other
39
Perspective convergence (monocular)
parallel lines move away from us in distance, appear to converge or come close together
40
Familiar size (monocular)
judgement based on previous knowledge of object size
41
Atmospheric perspective (monocular)
distant objects appear hazy and tinted blue - distance increases as does air particles, dust, pollution, and water droplets in space between eyes and object
42
retinal disparity (binocular)
image becomes father away, greater degree of disparity on retinas; brain calculates depth info by comparing images
43
convergence (binocular)
brain uses degree to which eye must turn inward to focus on object
44
frequency
rate of vibrations
45
pitch
higher pitch perceived with high frequency sounds
46
intensity
amplitude of wave increases and wave arrives at ear with more force
47
amplitude
measured in decibels
48
pinna
part you pierce and shaped to filter sound into eat canal
49
tympanic membrane
eardrum - surface works like a drum and transfers energy
50
ossicles
three smallest bones in body - malleus, incus, stapes - amplify vibrations
51
oval window
transfers vibrations to cochlea
52
cochlea
bony sound processor of inner ear and transferred into neural language of brain
53
basilar membrane
sound causes it to "ripple", which causes cilia to ben, causing excitatory message to cascade from ear to brain to auditory nerve
54
Medial Geniculate
different components of sound are organized and analyzed here in thalamus
55
tonotopic organization
?
56
merkel receptor
fire continuously as long as skin is making contact with objects, sending info about fine details
57
Meissner corpuscle
fires when skin first encounters stimulus and when it is removed
58
ruffini cylinder
interpreting stretching of skin
59
Pacinian corpuscle
feels vibration and texture
60
somatotopic organization
maps are spatially organized - two adjacent points of contact on skin map two adjacent points of neural activity on cortex
61
Gate-control theory of pain
suggests that impulses indicate painful stimuli can be blocked in spinal cord by signals sent from brain - S-fibers fire to damaging and painful stimuli - T-cells activated when s-fibers active - L-fibers activated and inhibit activation of T-cells; closes gate and reduces perception of pain
62
kinesthetic sense
basic understanding of where body is in space and how to move to accomplish tasks
63
vestibular sense
sense of balance
64
semicircular canals
sense changes in acceleration and rotation of head; hair cells respond to force of gravity
65
vestibular sacs
sense balance and posture
66
odorants
scents
67
chemoreceptors
respond to properties in air molecules interpreted as smell and taste; only senses that require one to ingest physical stimuli to analyze incoming info
68
olfactory mucosa
odorants come into contact with olfactory receptor neurons
69
glomeruli
consolidate all messages from particular receptor type; all 10,000 ORNs of a particular type will send signals to just one or two glomeruli
70
papillae
location of tastebuds
71
taste pore
protrusions on the taste bud; transduction occurs when chemicals bind to receptor sites here
72
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
receives info from visual "what" pathway
73
bimodal neurons
respond to more than one sense; specialize in determining sensations that occur together
74
psychophysics
attempts to evaluate way the physical experiences of light, sound, and chemicals in nose are translated into psychological perceptions
75
stimulus detection
minimum amount of stimulate needed to generate a sensation
76
absolute threshold
level of intensity required to create conscious experience 50% of the time; not absolute
77
Signal detection
reporting presence of stimulus even when none has been presented
78
difference threshold
smallest amount of particular stimulus required for difference in magnitude to be detected
79
just noticeable difference (jnd)
?
80
Weber's Law
ability to notice difference between two stimuli is constant proportion of intensity of size of stimulus - more intense the stimulus, larger the required change to notice a difference
81
Opponent Process Theory
perception of colour depends on ganglion cells firing in an on-ff fashion. For example, when cell receives signal that red is present, it will also send signal that green is present as well

Psychology 100 (7 decks)

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