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Psychology 100 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

teratogens

A

environmental agents that negatively impact human development during pregnancy and physical development and cognitive functioning later in life

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2
Q

still face paradigm

A

mother adopts a still face and examine how the infant responds

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3
Q

longitudinal research

A

studies whether growth over time is characterized by stability of change; studying same people over time

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4
Q

cross-sectional research

A

examine age-related development within children of various ages

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5
Q

ovulation

A

egg released from woman’s ovaries

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6
Q

period of the zygote

A

rapid cell division

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7
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of exponentially growing cells

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8
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

fertilized egg implants into fallopian tube

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9
Q

monozygotic/identical twins

A

fertilized eggs divide into two with identical genetic info, including gender

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10
Q

dizygotic/ fraternal twins

A

two eggs fertilized by different sperm

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11
Q

period of the embryo

A

starts after fertilized egg implants into uterus, ends when all bodily structures are formed but embryo cannot survive outside uterine environment

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12
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

significant changes in brain and head before extremities

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13
Q

proximodistal development

A

change at centrally-located features, such as heart of lungs, before peripheral locations like hands or fingers

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14
Q

period of the fetus

A

refinements and finishing touches as well as significant growth, including brain development

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15
Q

self-report data

A

questionnaires or interviews

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16
Q

bheavioural data

A

cognitive or social-emotional assessments

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17
Q

psychophysiological data

A

blood, urine, or saliva samples

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18
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A

range of conditions with prenatal alcohol exposure (ex. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome).

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19
Q

Thalidomide

A

reduce sensation of nausea but shortened limbs of infants (later used to treat other illnesses such as leprosy and cancer)

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20
Q

Zika Virus

A

may be associated with microcephaly (small infant sizes), stillbirth; passed on from mosquitos

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21
Q

Jean Pieget

A

father of the study of cognitive devleopment

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22
Q

constructivist

A

theoretical perspective that children construct their own knowledge

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23
Q

dialectical

A

growth of cognitive structures occurs when individuals encounter conflict that alters their existing perspectives on the world

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24
Q

assimilation

A

similar info added to what they already know

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25
accommodation
creates a new cognitive structure to account for info that does not fit anywhere else
26
equilibration
when disequilibration (info that is not represented in created cognitive structures), assimilation or accommodation occurs so that equilibration is maintained
27
schemas
"folders" or concepts
28
sensorimotor period
learn about world through actions on it
29
primary circular reactions
engage in repeated actions on their own bodies
30
secondary circular reactions
repeated actions on objects outside their own bodies
31
object permanence
do not realize that objects exist when they cannot be seen
32
combine secondary circular reactions
make a sequence of events come to pass
33
A-not-B
children still choose A even though they see the object put under B - infants show rudimentary mnemonic abilities
34
tertiary circular reactions
"little scientists"; i.e. banging on objects to hear various sounds
35
mental representation
start using language to represent what is going on in the world around them, engage in rudimentary forms of pretend play
36
symbolic thinking
more adept with language to convey thoughts and feelings and readily engage in pretend play
37
animism
preschool kids may ascribe lifelike properties to things that are not alive
38
egocentrisms
trouble understanding another individual (ex. buying a present that they would like but is not preferred by the friend)
39
conservation tasks
children have problems with conservation of liquid, mass, number, or length
40
concrete operational period
children limited to here-and-now thinking; hypothetical situations is challenging; understand transformative principles with identity, compensation, and inversion
41
formal operation period
engage in much more complex reasoning
42
Lev Vygotsky
sociocultural theory
43
sociocultural theory
portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process intimately linked to the context where children are raised
44
scaffold
using assembled structures to achieve more than they could without assistance (adults to young children)
45
zone of proximal development
distance between what a child can accomplish alone and with some assistance
46
psychological tools
utility of tools in shaping the way individuals structure their thinking
47
egocentric speech
talking to oneself out loud to help solve difficult problems
48
bidirectional
impacts our thinking and thinking impacts language
49
Erik Erikson
proposed theory that tracks development of personality across lifespan
50
attachment style
how we interact with primary caregivers as infants and romantic partners as adults
51
Konrad Lorenz - imprinting
young organisms are biologically predisposed to form relationships with adults of their species
52
Harry Harlow
non-human primates spend most time on cloth mother than food mother
53
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
The Strange Situation - different combinations of child, caregiver, and stranger in room
54
securely attached
comfortable in room with mother and stranger, became distressed when mother left but happy when she came back
55
insecure-resistant
clingy to mother and fearful of stranger when left alone, still mad when mother reappeared
56
insecure-avoidant
minimal stranger anxiety and little distress when mother reappears
57
disorganized attachment
extreme fear and dissociation; odd behavious
58
secure attachments
even and positive manner; comfortable and confident in ability to be emotionally close while also independent
59
anxious-preoccupied
(like insecure-resistant) uncomfortable with independence and need constant intimacy and closeness
60
dismissive-avoidant
(like avoidant attachment) comfortable without close emotional relationships
61
fearfully avoidant
(like avoidant attachment) desire intimacy but are hyperaware of pain from relationships
62
Lawrence Kohlberg
presented individuals with vignettes (short stories) to better understand how humans react to moral dilemmas
63
pre-conventional morality
children yet to develop moral code independent of adults around them; choices dictated by rewards or punishments
64
conventional morality
based on conforming to societal pressures
65
post-conventional morality
based on internal principles and not entirely dictated by society of other individuals; human rights or justice
66
high amplitude sucking paradigm
infants given sterilized pacifier to suck on for a certain period of time; preferred listening to speech relative to non-speech
67
novelty preference
infants look at new info longer than old info
68
habituation paradigms
presenting infants with interesting stimulus until they lose interest
69
theory of mind
understanding that others have feeling, thoughts, and desires through voluntary behaviours
70
false belief paradigms
child doubts themselves and believes that what was actually in the band-aid box (candies) will be guessed by the next individual
71
recall memory
ability to recount specific episodes or events from the past
72
elicited imitation
infants and young kids interact with 3D event sequences that are unlike toys at home
73
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
govern approval of studies
74
assent
indicate willingness to participate, when 7 or older

Psychology 100 (7 decks)

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