Chapter 2

Question 1

rationalism

Answer 1

view that reason and logical argument, not experience, is most important for how we acquire knowledge

Question 2

The “Door” Study

Answer 2

proved how little attention we pay to the identity of a person; person was replaced and other person did not realize

Question 3

scientific theories

Answer 3

rational explanations to describe and predict future behaviour

Question 4

scientific method

Answer 4

1. identify problem
2. gather info
3. generate hypothesis
4. design and conduct experiments
5. analyze data and formulate conclusions
6. restart process

Question 5

replication with extension

Answer 5

conducting similar experiment with some modifications

Question 6

programmatic research

Answer 6

continued area of inquiry

Question 7

descriptive methods

Answer 7

means to capture, report, record, or describe a group (what is, not why it is)

Question 8

Naturalistic observation

Answer 8

observation of behaviour as it happens, without manipulating/ controlling conditions of natural environment

Question 9

field experiments

Answer 9

researcher manipulates and controls conditions of behaviour under observation

Question 10

ecologically valid

Answer 10

reactions are products of genuine reactions

Question 11

Hawthorne effect

Answer 11

behaviour changes when people know that they are being watched; Hawthorne factory

Question 12

Interrater reliability

Answer 12

comparing raters to see if they make similar observations

Question 13

Participant observation

Answer 13

researcher becomes part of the group under investigation

Question 14

false positive

Answer 14

operate with a strong bias towards a certain opinion (ex. “Being Sane in Insane Places” participant observation in psychiatric ward and clinicians thought the participants were mentally ill while patients did not)

Question 15

Case Study

Answer 15

in-depth analysis of unique circumstance or individual

Question 16

sample

Answer 16

smaller subset of a population

Question 17

Sampling error/ bias

Answer 17

pooled selection of students that differs from the entire population in meaningful ways

Question 18

Response bias

Answer 18

tendency for people to answer question the way they feel they are expected to answer or in systematic ways that are otherwise inaccurate

Question 19

Acquiescent response bias

Answer 19

tendency to indiscriminately agree with most, regardless of their actual opinion

Question 20

socially desirable bias

Answer 20

bias not indiscriminate, but responses are made so that it would be seen as acceptable by others

Question 21

Better than Average effect/ Illusory superiority

Answer 21

rating oneself better than they actually are

Question 22

Volunteer bias

Answer 22

those willing to participate can be overrepresented in the survey

Question 23

Positively correlated

Answer 23

variables change in same direction

Question 24

Negatively correlated

Answer 24

variables change in same direction

Question 25

Zero correlation

Answer 25

no apparent relationship between variables

Question 26

Strength - correlation coefficient

Answer 26

- from -1 to +1 - stronger = absolute value of 1 - positive/negative is direction of relationship

Question 27

Confounding variable

Answer 27

other variables that may influence one of both variables being measured, influencing correlation coefficient

Question 28

Third variable

Answer 28

type of confounding variable where it influences the other two variables

Question 29

Causality

Answer 29

notion that one variable directly affects another (NOT CORRELATION)

Question 30

Operational definition

Answer 30

how researcher decides to measure a variable (aggression measured by physical aggressiveness)

Question 31

Experimental hypothesis

Answer 31

what we expect to find if this idea is correct

Question 32

Independent variable

Answer 32

to manipulate

Question 33

Dependent variable

Answer 33

to measure

Question 34

Extraneous (or confounding) variable

Answer 34

not focus of study, but may influence outcome if not controlled

Question 35

Simple random sample

Answer 35

every individual has equal chance of participating

Question 36

Stratified random sample

Answer 36

first divides population by subgroups, then random samples taken in proportion to population of interest

Question 37

non-random sample

Answer 37

recruiting people who are needed for the research if they are under special conditions (ex. those who have had concussions)

Question 38

Convenience sample

Answer 38

only selected because of pre-existing condition, convenience, and easy access to participation

Question 39

Experimental gorup

Answer 39

receive treatment of interest

Question 40

Control group

Answer 40

does not receive treatment of interest

Question 41

Placebo effect

Answer 41

mere thought of taking a drug enhances its effects

Question 42

Placebo group

Answer 42

fake treatments to control for our expectations

Question 43

Internal validity

Answer 43

degree to which results may be attributable to independent variable rather than some other effect of experiment

Question 44

external validity

Answer 44

degree to which a result can be beyond scope of experiment

Question 45

Generalization

Answer 45

external validity of how results from experiment can apply to other settings, people, and time periods

Question 46

Descriptive statistics

Answer 46

collection of data in simplest way possible, quantitative; info central tendency (score best representing others) - mean (average) - median (middle) - mode (most frequent)

Question 47

Inferential statistics

Answer 47

whether there are real differences between independent variable condition to make inferences about causal relationship between IV and DV

Question 48

Standard Deviation (variability)

Answer 48

measure of variability; square root of variance

Question 49

Variance

Answer 49

average of squared deviation scores

Question 50

non-random sample

Answer 50

not all individuals are likely to participate