Chapter 1

Question 1

motor development

Answer 1

refers to the continuous, age-related process of change in movement as well as the interacting constraints (or factors) in individual, environment, and task that drive these changes

Question 2

motor learning

Answer 2

refers to the relatively permanent gains capability associated with practice or experience

Question 3

motor control

Answer 3

is the study of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement

Question 4

physical growth

Answer 4

is an increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts

Question 5

maturation

Answer 5

is a qualitative advance in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition rather than to size alone

Question 6

aging

Answer 6

is the process, occurring with the passage of time, that leads to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death

Question 7

biological growth scale

Answer 7

• preterm newborn infants
• term newborn infants
• infants and toddlers
• children
• adolescents

Question 8

constraint

Answer 8

is a characteristic of the individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others

Question 9

individual constraint

Answer 9

are a persons unique physical and mental characteristics

Question 10

individual structural

Answer 10

are individual constraints related to the bodys structure

Question 11

individual functional

Answer 11

are individual constraints related to behavioral function

Question 12

afferent pathways are

Answer 12

sensory

Question 13

efferent pathways are

Answer 13

motor

Question 14

limitations/abilities of newell’s model

Answer 14

• limits or discourages movement and or permits or encourages other movement
• constraints are neither neg or bad

Question 15

what things promote neural processes and ingrates info

Answer 15

• practice

- physical experience/interaction with the environment

Question 16

neural processes

Answer 16

• creating/accessing neural pathways

- motor programs

Question 17

what integrates info

Answer 17

-sensory and motor

Question 18

physical literacy

Answer 18

the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life

Question 19

building blocks (the foundation) for an active life

Answer 19

involves the exploration of fundamental movement skills (FMS) and (ABC) agility, balance, coordination and speed of physical literacy

Question 20

makes living a physically active life..

Answer 20

possible, do-able, over the lifespan

• encourages participation in sport, life, and simply our ADL’s
• decrease frustration with sport/rec and therefore with drawal from an active lifestyle
• think beyond sport

Question 21

newell’s model

Answer 21

• influence of physical change/development
• interaction between individual, task and environment
• emphasizes relationship to where (environment) and what (task)

Question 22

individual constraints

Answer 22

-unique physical and mental characteristics
-structural: body structure
-functional: behavioral function
individual physical constraints: injury, weight, pregnancy
individual function constraints: depression, anxiety, exhaustion

Question 23

task constraints

Answer 23

parameter of movement or activity environment

-ball must go over net in volley ball

Question 24

environmental constraints

Answer 24

boundaries of the physical environment; may also involve socioeconomic or cultural boundaries

Question 25

universality vs variability

Answer 25

-observed stages that progress in a relatively methodical pattern

Question 26

universality

Answer 26

patterns of emerging behaviors (for a given group) | ex) stages of development

Question 27

variability

Answer 27

within that group; reflection of experience/ practice (or individual differences)

Question 28

how do we determine if we are observing variability or universality

Answer 28

research

Question 29

research methods

Answer 29

``` -cross sectional: how each group performed group 1: 20-35 group 2: 36-50 group 3: 51-65 longitudinal: one individual over time baby---->elder mixed longitudinal study: span of 5 years, 1 time a year 5 yr, 7 yr, 9 yr ```

Question 30

key points

Answer 30

``` motor development is -continuous -involves experience/practice -universality -over the life span -multi-dimensional -individual difference constraints: -individual- structural and functional -task -environmental/sociocultural research designs -cross sectional -longitudinal -mixed-longitudinal ```