Chapter 4

Question 1

what is growth?

Answer 1

growth is a change in size:

• absolute (weight)
• relative (as body grows, arms and legs grow at different times)

Question 2

stages of development

Answer 2

1. embryonic (0-8 weeks)

2. fetal (8 weeks-birth. 40 weeks)

Question 3

plasticity

Answer 3

a cell’s capability to take on new function

Question 4

trimesters

Answer 4

first: 0-13 weeks
second: 13-27 weeks
third: 26-40 weeks

Question 5

first trimester

Answer 5

development from the cells to miniature human

Question 6

second trimester

Answer 6

development of body systems

Question 7

third trimester

Answer 7

growth continues (rate of growth increase at 5 months)

Question 8

fetal growth via

Answer 8

1. hyperplasia- multiplication of cells

2. hypertrophy- increase in size of cells

Question 9

fetal growth direction

Answer 9

1. cephalocaudal- development head to toe

2. proximodistal- center to limbs

Question 10

what kinds of things get to the child via fetal nourishment

Answer 10

• chemicals
• drugs
• viruses
• nutrition

Question 11

genetic causes of abnormal prenatal development

Answer 11

• dominant vs recessive
• gene mutation
• congenital defects
  effects: variable, appearance/severity

Question 12

extrinsic causes of abnormal prenatal development

Answer 12

• nourishment
• physical environment
• teratogens

Question 13

genetic abnormalities example

Answer 13

• trisomy 21- down symdrome
• extra 21st chromosome, technically gene mutation
• effects: upwards slanting eyes, small flat nose

Question 14

extrinsic abnormalities examples

Answer 14

FASD- fetal alcohol syndrome

• drinking alcohol during pregnancy
  1. alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND)
  2. FADS-distintive physical appearance and lower IQ

Question 15

like long challenges with FASD

Answer 15

• memory
• can’t understand/ cause/effect
• learning life skills

Question 16

prenatal development involves

Answer 16

• nurture/nature
• environment
• DNA

Question 17

postnatal growth

Answer 17

• predictable pattern (development)
• landmark events
• individual patterns

Question 18

growth curves- sigmoid shape (s-curve)

Answer 18

• demonstrates two growth spurts (it plateaus when we hit out Zos
• it shows universality
• variability in timing and steepness
• it allows us to track where a child is in percentile
• it will show us if the growth slows down or speeds up
• allows us to stay on top of changes
• shows for boys that at age 13.5 they hit big growth and for females around 10
• if growth spurt hits later, you are typically going to be taller

Question 19

relative height

Answer 19

• adult height: double height at 2 yr.

- if change relative position= cause for concern

Question 20

sex differences for height

Answer 20

• peak height velocity

- longer growth period =absolute height differences

Question 21

weight

Answer 21

• more modifiable by extrinsic factors
• sigmoid shape curve
• generally-up before out

Question 22

extrinsic factors

Answer 22

sensitive to environmental factors 
-birth 
-early adolescence 
catch up growth 
-someone with allergy, illness