Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards by fiona clair

Anatomy is the study of body ___.

structure

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Physiology is the study of body ___.

function

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Homeostasis is the body in ___.

balance

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True or False: Structure and function are closely related.

True

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True or False: Structure does not mirror function.

False

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Surface Anatomy

study of form and markings of the body surface, using visualization or palpation

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Gross Anatomy

the study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye

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Does Surface Anatomy proceed through cutting?

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Does Gross Anatomy proceed through cutting?

YES

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What are the two general approaches of Gross Anatomy?

Systemic and Reigonal

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Systemic Approach of Gross Anatomy

study of one system at a time

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Reigonal Approach of Gross Anatomy

study of all systems in one specific reigon

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Developmental Anatomy

the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form

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Embryology

a subcategory of Developmental Anatomy that studies conception to 8th week of gestation

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Histology

study of tissues

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Cytology

the study of individual cellular structures

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Pathology

the study of anatomical changes due to disease

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True or False: Pathologists use gross inspection, histology, cytology, and laboratory examinations to discover the source of the disease.

True

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Autopsy

a postmortem exam of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist

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What are 4 reasons an autopsy is done?

determine cause of death
identify diseases not detected during life
determine extent of injuries and contribution to death
identify hereditary conditions

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Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures?

physiology

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What is the order of the levels of organization?

atomic , molecular , cellular , tissue , organ , system , organism

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What is the regular blood glucose range?

70 - 100 mg

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Homeostasis is a state of ____ in the body’s internal environment

equilibrium

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Homeostasis is a dynamic condition that keeps body functions in the _____ compatible with maintaining life.

narrow range

Body Fluids

dilute solutions containing dissolved chemicals

Intracellular Fluid

fluid within cells

Extracellular Fluid

fluid outside cells

Interstitial Fluid

ECF between cells and tissues

Blood Plasma

ECF within blood vessels

Lymph

ECF withing lymphatic vessels

Cerebrospinal Fluid

ECF in the brain and spinal cord

Synovial Fluid

ECF in joints

Aqueous Humor

ECF in eyes

True or False: Cellular function depends on regulating interstitial fluid.

True

True or False: Composition does not change as substances move between plasma and the interstitial fluid.

False

True or False: Interstitial Fluid provides nutrients to tissue cells and removes waste.

False

What are three things that control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by?

- physical insults - changes to internal environment - physiological stress

What do intense or prolonged disruptions of homeostasis often result in?

disease or death

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

- receptor - control center - effector

Is the body monitored and re-monitored during a feedback system?

YES

Each monitored variable in a feedback system is termed a _____.

controlled condition

Receptor

monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center

What is an example of a receptor on the human body?

specialized nerve endings in the skin act as temperature receptors

Control Center

evaluates input received from receptors and generates an output command

What is usually the control center?

the brain

What are examples of output commands from the control center?

nerve impulses, hormones

Effector

receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Can almost every organ or tissue serve as an effector?

YES

Negative Feedback System

reverses a change in a controlled condition

What is an example of a negative feedback system?

regulation of blood pressure

Positive Feedback System

strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition

What is an example of a positive feedback system?

normal child birth

What are the steps of BP regulation in a negative feedback system?

1. BP increases 2. Baroreceptors (pressure receptors) detect higher BP and send nerve impulse to the brain 3. Responses sent via nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels cause the BP to drop

What are the steps of childbirth when it comes to a positive feedback system?

1. Uterine contractions cause the vagina to open. 2. Stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulses to brain. 3. Oxytocin is released into the blood. 4. Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus. 5. Cycle continues until birth of the baby.

Anatomical Position

head is level , feet is flat on the floor directed forward, arms at their sides with palms forward

Superior

above, top, toward head

Inferior

below, bottom, away from head

Anterior/Ventral

toward the front

Posterior/Dorsal

toward the back

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from midline

Intermediate

between medial and lateral

Proximal

nearest to the origin

Distal

farther from origination

Ipsilateral

same side of the body

Contralateral

opposite side of the body

Body Planes

imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions

What are the three major planes at right angles to one another?

- sagittal (midline) - transverse (horizontal) - frontal (coronal)

Sagittal Plane

divides the body into right and left sides

Midsagittal Plane

divides the body into mirror image halves

Parasagittal Plane

divides the body into unequal halves

Frontal (Coronal) Planes

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (Cross-Sectional) Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Oblique Planes

pass through the body or organ at an angle that is not equal to 90 degrees.

Sections

cuts of the body made along a plane

Radiography

x-rays used to produce an image of internal structures. They are inexpensive and quick.

True or False: Radiography imaging passes easily through dense structure.

False

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

uses a powerful magnetic field to help generate 3D images.

Computed Tomography (CT)

3D x-rays

Ultrasound Scanning

done using high frequency sound waves. It is noninvasive, painless, and safe.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

done by injecting a substance emitting positively charged particles into the body.

What is PET scan used for?

to study physiology of body structures

Endoscopy

done using lighted instrument with a lens projecting an image onto a monitor.

Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

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