Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What does the integumentary system include?
A
- the skin
- its accessory structures
- the 4 basic tissue types
2
Q
What are the 6 accessory structures that are part of the integumentary system?
A
- hair
- nails
- glands
- blood vessels
- muscles
- nerves
3
Q
Integument
A
a cutaneous membrane that covers the outer surface of the body
4
Q
True or False: The skin is the largest organ.
A
True
5
Q
About how big is the skin?
A
22 square ft
6
Q
How much does the skin weigh?
A
10 - 11 lbs
7
Q
What is the thickness range of the skin?
A
0.5 mm (eyelids) - 4 mm (heels)
8
Q
How many pounds of skin epithelium is shed per year?
A
2 1/4 lbs
9
Q
What are the 6 functions of the skin?
A
- covers and protects
- regulates body temperature
- senses
- synthesis of vitamin D
- important blood reservoir
- emotional expression
10
Q
What are the 3 major layers of the skin?
A
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer
11
Q
Epidermis Skin Layer
A
outer, thin layer that consists of epithelial tissue
12
Q
Dermis Skin Layer
A
inner thick layer that consists of connective tissue
13
Q
Subcutaneous Skin Layer (Hypodermis)
A
under dermis and consists of loose areolar/adipose connective tissue that attaches skin to the underlying tissues and organs
14
Q
First Degree Burn
A
a burn that only affects the epidermis
15
Q
Second Degree Burn
A
a burn that affects the epidermis and dermis and blisters may appear
16
Q
Third Degree Burn
A
a burn that affects all 3 skin layers and requires medical attention
17
Q
The epidermis is composed of ____ squamous epithelium.
A
keratinized stratified
18
Q
4 Types of Epidermis Cells
A
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- langerhans cells
- merkel cells
19
Q
Keratinocytes
A
produces keratin
20
Q
Keratin
A
a tough fibrous protein that provides protection
21
Q
Melanocytes
A
produces melanin
22
Q
Melanin
A
prigment that protects skin from UV rays
23
Q
Langerhans Cells
A
macrophages involved in immune response
24
Q
Merkel Cells
A
function in the sensation of touch
25
What are the 5 layers (cell types) of the epidermis?
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
26
Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)
deepest layer of epidermis, site of mitosis for production of all other layers
27
Stratum Spinosum
composed of 8-10 keratinocytes
28
Stratum Granulosum
composed of non-dividing cells filled with granules of keratin
29
Stratum Lucidum
only found in thick skin like fingertips
30
Stratum Corneum
outermost layer of epidermis composed of 20 layers of flat dead keratinocytes
31
True or False: Stratum Corneum is not continuously shed.
False
32
Keratinization
the process of filling cells from the stratum basale with waxy keratin protein as they move to the surface
33
Dandruff
excess of keratinized cells shed from scalp
34
Can constant friction stimulate the process of keratinization and produce a callus?
YES
35
Where are melanocytes located?
stratum basale
36
What are the 2 types of melanocytes in the skin?
- eumelanin
-pheomelanin
37
Freckles
clusters of melanin pigments
38
Is having more freckles a genetic trait?
YES
39
Nevi (sing. Nevus)
chronic, benign lesions of the skin (birthmarks or moles)
40
Malignant Melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
41
Albinism
the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
42
True or False: Albinism is also a defect of an enzyme that helps produce melanin.
True
43
What type of tissue is the dermis composed of?
connective tissue
44
What fibers are inside the connective tissue of the dermis?
collagen and elastic fibers
45
What are the two regions of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
46
Is the papillary region of the dermis below the epidermis?
YES
47
What type of tissue does the papillary region of the dermis contain?
areolar connective tissue
48
What 5 things does the areolar connective tissue in the papillary region of the dermis contain?
- collagen
- elastin
- dermal papillae,
- touch sensors
- free nerve endings
49
What are epidermal ridges formed by?
underlying dermal papillae
50
What do epidermal ridges form?
- fingerprints and footprints
- increased friction of grip
51
Dermatoglyphics
the study of the pattern of epidermal ridges
52
What type of tissue does the reticular reigon of the dermis consist of?
dense irregular connective tissue?
53
What does stretching the reticular region of the dermis cause?
stretch marks
54
What does the subcutaneous layer contain?
lamellated corpuscles that detect external pressure applied to the skin
55
What do blood vessels pass through to get to the dermis?
Subcutaneous Layer
56
What 4 things are contained in the superficial sensory receptors?
- merkel discs
- free nerve endings
- meissner corpuscles
- hair root plexuses
57
What is contained in deep sensory receptors?
pacinian corpuscles
58
3 Characteristics of Hair
- present on most surfaces
- composed of dead keratinized epidermal cells
- thickness and distribution is genetically determined
59
Hair helps with ____ and protects the body against the harmful effects of the sun against heat loss.
touch sensations
60
The 3 parts of the hair include:
- shaft (above the skin surface
- root (epithelial and dermal root sheath)
- follicle
61
What are 3 types of hairs?
- lanugo
- vellus
- terminal
62
Lanugo Hair
downy fetal body hair
63
Vellus Hairs
short, fine, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye
64
Terminal Hairs
long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
65
What is hair color determined by?
the amount and type of melanin
66
Sebaceous (oil) Glands
connected to the hair follicles and secrets sebum
67
What are 2 important things that sebaceous glands do?
- prevents dehydration of hair and skin
- inhibits growth of certain bacteria
68
What are the two types of sweat glands?
- eccrine
- apocrine
69
3 Characteristics of Eccrine Sweat Glands
- most numerous
- secrete a watery solution
- cools body and eliminates waste
70
Where are Apocrine Sweat Glands found?
in the skin of axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions in adult males
71
True or False: Apocrine Sweat Glands no not secrete slight vicious sweat.
False
72
Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to an ___.
emotion stress
73
Apocrine Sweat Glands are located in the ___ layer and the excretory duct opens into ____.
subcutaneous... hair follicles
74
When is sweat secreted from apocrine sweat glands?
during emotional stress and sexual excitement
75
What causes body oder?
apocrine sweat
76
Ceruminous Glands
modified sweat glands in ear canal
77
2 Characteristics of Ceruminous Glands
- involved in producing cerumen (earwax)
- provides sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign bodies into the ear canal
78
Nails
hard, keratinized epidermal cells
79
What are three structures of the nail?
- free edge
- transparent nail body (plate)
- nail root embedded in a fold of skin
80
What are the two kinds of wound-healing processes?
- epidermal wound healing
- deep wound healing
81
Epidermal Wound Healing
1st degree burns that only affect the epidermis
82
Deep Wound Healing
some 2nd degree and a lot 3rd degree burns. scar tissue will develop and function may be lost
83
According to the American Burn Association, a major burn includes:
- 3rd degree burns over 10% of body surface area
- 2nd degree burns over 25% of body surface area
- any 3rd degree burns to the face, hands, feet, or perineum
84
What happens when a burn area exceeds 70% ?
more than half of the victims die
85
What are 6 things that the integumentary system changes with age?
- wrinkles develop
- dehydration and cracking occurs
- sweat production increases
- fewer melanocytes (grey hair and atypical skin pigmentation
- less subcutaneous fast and a general decrease in skin thickness
- nails may become more brittle
86
With age, comes an increased susceptibility to ____ conditions.
pathological
87
What is an example of pathological conditions in older people?
pressure ulcers (bedsores)
