Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Tissue
A
a group of cells with specialized activities
2
Q
Tissues are composed of ___.
A
Cells and Matrix
3
Q
The Matrix of tissues can be hard like ___ , semisolid like ___, or liquid like ___.
A
bone…fat…blood
4
Q
Cells in most tissues are connected by ___.
A
junctions
5
Q
Intracellular Junctions
A
mechanical connections between cell membranes
6
Q
Tight Junctions
A
form a leakproof seal between cells
7
Q
What is an example of tight junctions?
A
junctions inside the stomach and bladder to keep materials from leaking out
8
Q
Adherens Junctions
A
make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract
9
Q
What is an example of adherens junctions?
A
cadherin forming the belt-like plaque
10
Q
Desmosomes
A
act as spot welds that hook into the cytoplasm
11
Q
Hemidesmosomes
A
half welds that join cells to the basement membrane of tissue
12
Q
Gap Junction
A
pores that allow ions to pass between cells
13
Q
What will gap junctions do if the cell gets sick or dies?
A
it will seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells
14
Q
What are the three primary germ layers?
A
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
15
Q
Do epithelial tissues form all three primary germ layers?
A
YES
16
Q
What is derived from mesoderm?
A
Connective tissue and muscle
17
Q
What tissue develops from ectoderm?
A
nervous tissue
18
Q
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
A
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
19
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
cover body surfaces, form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts
20
Q
What are the three types of epithelial tissue?
A
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
21
Q
Connective Tissue
A
protect, support, and bind organs
22
Q
4 Examples of Connective Tissue
A
- fat that stores energy
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
23
Q
Muscular Tissue
A
generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate heat used by the body
24
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses
25
Epithelium
lines surfaces and forms protective barriers
26
Epithelium secretes ____, hormones, and other substances.
mucous
27
True or False: All epithelia have free apical surface and an attached basal surface.
True
28
The basal layer of the epithelium secretes a ___: the underlying connective tissue secretes a reticular lamina.
basal lamina
29
What do the basal lamina and reticular lamina form?
basement membrane on which the epithelium sits
30
Are epithelia named according to cell shape and arrangement of cell layers?
YES
31
Simple Squamous Epithelium
composed of a single layer of flat cells
32
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells
33
Simple Columnar Epithelium
forms a single layer of column-like cells, cilia, microvilli and mucous
34
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
in the air sacs of lungs and the lining of blood vessels, the heart, and capillaries
35
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
lining of the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands
36
Goblet Cells
simple columnar cells that can secrete mucous
37
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
an apical surface that is made up of squamous cells.
38
True or False: Stratified Squamous Epithelium is composed of many layers.
True
39
Why do Stratified Squamous Epithelium have many layers?
ideal for protection against strong friction forces
40
True or False: Connective Tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body.
True
41
What are 5 function of connective tissue?
- bind tissues together
- support and strengthen tissue
- protect and insulate internal organs
- compartmentalize and transport
- energy reserves and immune responses
42
What is the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content, and is the main protein of connective tissue?
Collagen
43
Connective tissue is usually highly ___ and supplied with many nerves.
vascular
44
Do cartilage and tendon have blood supply and nerves?
NO
45
What is the common theme shared between all connective tissues?
They do not have many cells.
46
Are all connective tissues surrounded by an extracellular matrix?
YES
47
Extracellular Matrix
non-cellular material located between and around cells
48
What does extracellular matrix consist of?
protein fibers and ground substance (fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified).
49
Common Connective Tissue cells are also known as ___.
fibroblasts
50
Fibroblasts secrete protein fibers and a ___ which varies from one connective tissue to another.
ground substance
51
What 3 common fibers do connective tissues secrete?
- collagen
- elastin
- reticular
52
What are three other types of common connective tissue cells?
- adipocytes
- osteocytes
- white blood cells
53
Adipocytes
store triglycerides
54
Osteocytes
make bone
55
What are the 4 main types of white blood cells?
- macrophages
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- lymphocytes
56
Macrophages
swallow invaders or debris and can be fixed or wandering
57
Neutrophils
microphages that are numerous in the blood
58
Eosinophils
play and important role of inflammation
59
Lymphocytes
secrete antibody proteins and attack invaders
60
What are the two main types of connective tissue?
- embryonic connective tissue
- mature connective tissue
61
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?
- mesenchyme
- mucous connective tissue
62
What are the five types of mature connective tissue?
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
- cartilage
- bone
- liquid
63
Mesenchyme
an embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues
64
Mucous Connective Tissue (Wharton's Jelly)
umbilical cord jelly that is rich in stem cells
65
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
66
Areolar Connective Tissue
widely distributed, used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and packs between glands, muscles, and nerves
67
Adipose Tissue
insulates and serves as padding and energy source
68
Where is adipose tissue found?
subcutaneous, around organs and joint
69
Reticular Connective Tissue
forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes
70
What are the three types of dense connective tissues?
- dense irregular
- dense regular
- elastic
71
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
provides strength when force are pulling from many directions
72
Dense irregular connective tissue contain ___ and collagen fibers that are randomly arranged.
fibroblasts
73
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
tendons and ligaments. strong along one axis
74
Elastic Connective Tisssue
contains fibroblasts and elastic fibers that help stretch
75
What are the three types of cartilage?
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
76
Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?
abundant and is found on the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.
77
Fibrocartilage
contains collagen fibers, is strong and tough
78
Elastic Cartilage
consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers
79
Where is elastic cartilage found?
in ear and epiglottis
80
Where is fibrocartilage found?
inside invertebral disks and knee joints
81
Bone
calcified intracellular matrix
82
Blood and Lymph are what type of tissue?
liquid connective tissue
83
What is meant by the fact that neurons and muscle fibers are electrical excitable cells?
they exhibit the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (action potentials)
84
Combining two tissues creates an ___.
organ
85
Epithelial membranes are the simplest organs in the body, constructed of only ___ and a little bit of connective tissue.
epithelium
86
Mucous membranes line interior body surfaces open to the outside like ....
- digestive tract
- respiratory tract
- reproductive tract
87
Serous membrane line some internal surfaces like ...
- parietal layer next to body wall
- serous fluid between layers
- visceral layer next to organ
88
Synovial Membranes
enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue only
89
Epithelial Glands
simple organs
90
Endocrine Glands
glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood
91
Exocrine Glands
glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct
92
What are 6 secretions of exocrine glands?
- mucus
- sweat
- oil
- earwax
- saliva
- digestive enzymes
93
What is an example of an exocrine gland?
sweat gland
94
The criteria for categorizing multicellular glands according to ___ is based on the manner in which the gland secretes its product from inside the cell to the outside environment.
function
95
What are the three types of exocrine gland secretions?
- merocrine
- apocrine
- holocrine
96
Merocrine Secretion
the most common secretion and the product is released by exocytosis
97
Apocrine Secretion
bud their secretions off
98
What is an example of apocrine gland?
mammary gland
99
Holocrine Secretion
cells rupture, die, and get replaced
100
What is an example of holocrine secretions?
sebaceous (skin oil) gland
101
The ___ cells of an organ that conducts a specific function.
parenchymal
102
Cells of the ___ are everything that is not the parenchymal cells. Examples: connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves.
stroma
103
Example of Tissue Repair: The ___ of the heart is cardiac muscle cells. The nerves, intrinsic blood vessels, and connective tissue of the heart comprise the ___.
parenchyma...stroma
104
When tissue damage is extensive, ___ depends on repair of both parenchymal cells and stroma.
return to homeostasis
105
What are three processes in tissue repair?
- fibroblasts divide rapidly
- new collagen fibers are manufactured
- new blood capillaries supply materials for healing
106
All of the tissue repair processes create an actively growing connective tissue called ___.
granulation tissue
107
True or False: Tissue heals faster in young adults.
True
108
True or False: Surgery of a fetus leaves scars.
False
109
True or False: Young tissues have a better nutritional state, blood supply, and higher metabolic rate.
True
110
True or False: Extracellular components do not change with age.
False
111
True or False: Changes in the body's glucose, collagen, and elastic fibers do not contribute to the aging process.
False
