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Microbiology > Chapter 1 and 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How does microbes aid in agriculture

A

1) N2 fixation
2) Nutrient Cycling
3) Animal Husbandry

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2
Q

How does microbes aid in the food industry

A

1) food preservation
2) fermented food
3) food additives

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3
Q

How does microbes aid in biotechnology

A

1) genetically modified organisms
2) production of pharmaceuticals
3) gene therapy for certain diseases

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4
Q

How doe microbes affect environmental aspects

A

1) biofuels
2) bioremediation
3) microbial mining

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5
Q

What are the 6 microbes and are they prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A 
Bacteria: Prokaryotes
Archaea: Prokaryotes
Fungi: Eukaryotes
Protozoa: Eukaryotes
Algae: Eukaryotes
Virus: not alive
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6
Q

Who established the nomenclature system

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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7
Q

How are organisms named

A

2 names: Binomial nomenclature
Genus name: first; always capitalized
Species name: second; lowercase
either underlined or italicized

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8
Q

Who developed classifying microorganism

A

Carl Woese

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9
Q

What are the 3 domains based on ribosomal RNA

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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10
Q

Are archaea and bacteria closely related

A

no

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11
Q

Describe bacteria

A 
prokaryotes
single celled
peptidoglycan cell walls
divide via binary fission
derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
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12
Q

Describe archaea
what type of cell wall
where do they grow

A

prokaryotes
lack peptidoglycan cell walls
often live extreme environments
ex. extreme thermophiles,halophiles,methanogens

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13
Q

Describe fungi

A 
eukaryotes 
chitin cell walls
energy organic chemicals
yeast-unicellular 
molds and mushrooms-multicellular
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14
Q

Define dimorphism

A

yeast and mold
at room temp grows as mold
at body temp grows as yeast

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15
Q

Define protozoa

A

eukaryotes
absorb or ingest organic chemicals
may be motile via pseudopods,cilia, or flagella
free-living or parasitiv

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16
Q

Define algae

A

photosynthetic eukaryotes
found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
free living or symbiotic

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17
Q

define viruses

A

acellular
dna or rna surrounded by a protein coat
obligate parasites
inert outside living hosts

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18
Q

Define multicellular animal parasites

A

eukaryotes
not strictly microorganisms
parasitic flatwroms and roundworms

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19
Q

What did Robert Hooke contribute

A

discovered cells

marked the beginning of the cell theory

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20
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek contribute

A

observed live microorganisms using crude microscopes

animalcules

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21
Q

Define the theory of spontaneous generation

A

living organisms arise from non living matter

believed until mid 1880

22
Q

What did John Needham contribute

A

microorganisms found even in boiled and cooled nutrient broth

23
Q

What did Francesco Redi contribute

A

microorganisms arise from contact with living organisms
experiments with flies and maggots
refuted the theroy of spontaneous genration

24
Q

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani contribute

A

microorganisms from the air entered in boiled and cooled nutrient broth
shoed that it is not an inherent feature of matter and that it can be destroyed by an hr of boiling

25
Q

Define the theroy of biogenesis

A

introduced by Rudolf Virchow
Living celld can arise only from pre-existing living cells
proved by Louis Pasteur

26
Q

What did Louis Pasteur contribute

A

microorganism could be destroyed by heat
devised methods to prevent contamination
beef broth could be sterilized by boiling it in a swan neck flask

27
Q

What discoveries were included in th egolden age of microbiology

A

relationship between microbes and disease
immunity
antimicrobial drugs

28
Q

Define fermentation

A

microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absense of air

29
Q

Define pasteurization

A

application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

30
Q

What vaccines did Louis Pasteur devoped

A

anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies

31
Q

Who contributed to germ theory

A

Agostino Bassi and Louis Pasteur

showed a relationship b/t microorganisms and silkworm disease

32
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelwels contribute

A

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission germs

33
Q

What did Joseph Lister contribute

A

introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds

34
Q

What did robert Koch contribute

A

1st to show that bacteria actually cause disease
discovered the bacteria ( Bacillus anthracis) that causes anthrax in cattle
Koch’s postulates

35
Q

What are the 4 steps of Koch’s Postulates

A

1) Suspected pathogenic organisms should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the healthy animal
2) The suspected organisms should be grown in pure culture
3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal
4) the organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

36
Q

What did Ferdinard Cohn contribute

A

father of bacteriology
heat resistant bacteria
discovered bacteria that form endospores

37
Q

What did Edward Jenner contribute to vaccinations

A

used live viral agents ( cowpox material) to provide immunity against smallpox

38
Q

What did Pasteur contribute to vaccinations

A

discovered that microorganisms that have lost their virulence were able to induce immunity

39
Q

Define chemotherapy

A

treatment of diseases using chemicalagents

40
Q

What are the 2 types of chemotherapy

A

1) synthetic drugs: chemotherapeutic agents prepared in the lab
2) antibiotics: chemicals agents synthesized by bacteria and fungi that act against other microbes

41
Q

What did Paul Erlich contribute

A

magic bullet

developed a synthetic arsenic drug,salvarsan, to treat syphilis

42
Q

What did Alexander Fleming contribute

A

discovered the 1st antibiotic produced by Penicillium fungus
active substance: Penicillian
killed s. aureus

43
Q

What did Julius Richard Petri contribute

A

Assistant to robert koch

invented petri dish

44
Q

What did christian gram contribute

A

developed gram staining
gram negative
gram positive

45
Q

Define myocology

A

study of fungi

46
Q

Define parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

47
Q

List some major sub-disciplines of microbiology

A 
medical microbiology
immunology
agricultural microbiology
industrial microbiology
aquatic microbiology
48
Q

Define normal microbiota or flora

A

harmless microorganism that are normally found on the skin or inside the body

49
Q

Define resistance

A

ability of the body to ward off disease

50
Q

Define infectious disease

A

diseases that results when a microorganism invades a susceptible host

51
Q

Define emerging infectious disease

A 
appearance of new infectious diseases
reemergence of disease that were though to be decresing in incidence
ex. AIDS
AVIAN INFLENZA (H5N1) OR BIRD FLU
SWINE INFLENZA (H1N1)
SARS
52
Q

What 3 ways do reemergence of disease occurs

A

1) development of new strains of microorganisms
2) spread of diseases to new areas/regions due to modern travel
3) human exposure to new and usual infectious agents

Microbiology (16 decks)

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