Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Define metabolism
A
sum of chemical in organisms
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2
Q
What are the 2 different metabolic reactions
A
1) catabolic reaction
2) anabolic reactions
3
Q
What is catabolic reaction and 2 examples
A
ex: cellular respiration and fermentation
c6h12o6 +02 > 6CO2 +_ 6H2O +ATP
4
Q
What is anabolic reactions and give examples
A
ex. photosynthesis and lipid biosynthesis
6CO2 +6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
5
Q
Define catabolism
A
- breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules
- energy is generally released
- mediated by enzymes
6
Q
Define anabolism
A
- synthesis of larger molecules using smaller molecules
- energy is generally used up
- mediated by enzymes
7
Q
Define exergonic reaction
A
energy released
8
Q
Define endergonic reaction
A
energy is utilized
9
Q
What is the most common energy currency
A
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
10
Q
What is adenosine triphosphate
A
a modified nucleotide- adenine linked to 5c sugar ribose and 3 phosphate group
11
Q
Which phosphate in adenosine is high energy
A
that last phosphate bond
12
Q
Define metabolic pathway
A
sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
13
Q
Define enzymes
A
biological catalysts
proteins of RNA molecules
substrate speciifc
active site on enzymes
14
Q
Define activation energy
A
enzymes reduced the energy of activation
enzymes is always recycled
15
Q
What is the use of oxidoreductase
A
catalyze
16
Q
What is the use of transferase
A
transfer functional group
17
Q
What is the use of hydrolase
A
hydrolysis reaction
18
Q
What is the use of ligase
A
Enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of 2 large molecules by forming a new chemical bonds
19
Q
What are the 4 components of enzymes
A
apoenzyme
cofactor
coenzyme
holoenzyme
20
Q
Define apoenzyme
A
protein
21
Q
Define cofactor
A
nonprotein component-inorganic ( metal ion,zinc ion)
activator
22
Q
define coenzyme
A
nonprotein component-organic
23
Q
define holoenzyme
A
apoenzyme plus cofactor
complete + catalytically active
24
Q
What are 4 important coenzymes
A
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Coenzyme A
25
What are 4 factors influencing enzyme activity q
temperture
ph
substrate concentration
inhibitors
26
What two influences has the ability to denature protein
temperture and pH
27
What are competitive inhibition
competitive inhibitor binds to same active site as substrate so it fights for spot
28
What is an example of a competitive inhibition
Sulfa drugs
antibiotic that competes for the active site of folic acid synthesis
in no folic acid synthese in bacteria then no DNA/RNA synthesis so no protein produced
29
Define noncompetitive inhibition
does not bind to active site, instead to allosteric site
| changes shape of active site so substrate can't bind
30
Define oxidation
removal of electrons
31
Define reduction
gain of electrons
32
Define redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
33
Define dehydrogenation reactions
removal of hydrogen
34
How is ATP generated
phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy
35
What are the 2 mechanism of phosphorylation
1) in microorganisms
| 2) in chlorophyll-containing plants or bacteria
36
Define atp generation in microorganism and 4 examples
substrate level phosphorylation: fermentation,glycolysis,krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation/cellular respiration
37
Define atp generation in chlorophyll containing plants and bacteria
photophosphorylation
38
Define substrate level phosphorylation
energy from phosphate to ADP generate ATP
39
Define oxidative phosphorylation
energy released from transfer of electrons from one compound to another to generate ATP
electron transport chain
40
Define photophosphorylation
occurs only in photosynthetic cells
| atp is generated by transfer of electrons from chlorophyll to a system of carrier molecules
41
What is needed in photophosphorylation to excite the electron
light
42
What are 2 energy production in microorganisms
carbohydrate catabolism
| lipid+ protein catabolism
43
What are 2 examples of carbohydrate catabolism
cellular respiration
| fermentation
44
What are 3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis
kreb's cycle
electron transport chain (system)
45
Describe stage 1 of cellular respiration
| what type of phosphorylation
gycolysis
| substrate level phosphorylation
46
Describe stage 2 of cellular respiration
| what type of phosphorylation
pyruvate oxidation and krebs cycle
| substrate level phosphorylation
47
Describe stage 3 of cellular respiration
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
| oxidative phosphorylation
48
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell
what is the product
what are the net amounts of atp
```
occurs in the cytoplasm
product: 3 carbon compound: Pyruvate
in: 2 ATP
OUT: 4 atp
NET: 2 ATP
2NADH
```
49
What are the products from glycolysis per glucose molecules
4 ATP: 2 ATP invested; net gain of 2 ATP
2 pyruvate molecules
2 NADH molecules
50
What are 2 alternative pathways to glycolysis
1) Pentose phosphate pathway
| 2) entner-doudoroff pathway
51
Describe Pentose Phosphate Pathway
produces pentose sugars and 2 NADPH
Net gain: 1 ATP
Ex. escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis
52
Describe entner doudoroff pathway
net gain: 1 atp and 2 NADPH
some gram negative bacteria ( pseudomonas,rhizobium,agrobacterium)
does not involve glycolysys
53
What occurs in the intermediate stage of cellular respiration
pyruvic acid ( from glycolysis) is converted to Acetyl CoA
decarboxylation
2 pyruvic acid is produced at end of stage
54
What are the products of the intermediate step
2 Acetyl CoA molecules
2 CO2 molecules
2 NADH molecules
55
What occurs in stage 2 of cellular respiration: Kreb cycle
| where in the cell does it occur and what products generated
```
cytoplasm( prokaryotes)
mitochondrial matrix ( eukaryotes)
each cycle generate
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2
processes 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA
```
56
What are the products of the Kreb cycle
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
57
What are the 2 parts of stage 3 of cellular respiration
electron transport chain ( Aerobic respiration)
| chemiosmosis
58
Where does electron transport chain take place and what occurs in this step
plasma membrane of prokaryotes
inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
involves electrons carried by NADH + FADH2
sense of carrier molecules ( flavoproteins,cytochrome,ubiquinone)
produces most ATPs
oxidative phosphorylation
59
Define chemiosmosis
energy released from the electron transport chain is used
this H+ gradient proton motive force is created
H+ ions high in periplasmic space and low in cytoplasm
ATP synthase will let the H+ ions through
60
Number of energy in aerobic respiration
oxygen is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
61
Why is total ATP yeild lower in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
energy is used to transfer to mitocondira
62
Describe the 5 difference in anaerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotes
1) final electron acceptor is an inorganic substrate ( not oxygen)
2) nitrate ion reduced to nitrite ion,nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas
ex. pseudomonas and bacillus
3) sulfate ion reduced to hydrogen sulfide ( Desulfovibrio)
4) carbonate converted to methane
5) ATP yield is less than aerobic respiration
63
Define aerobic respiration in terms of final electron acceptor
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen ( O2)
64
Define anaerobic respiration in term of last electron acceptors
the final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain is not O2
65
Describe carbohydrate catabolism in term of pathway involved in eukaryote cells
glycolysis: cytoplasm
intermediate step: mitochondrial matrix
kreb's cycle: mitochondrial matrix
ETC: mitochondrial inner membrane
66
Describe carbohydrate catabolism in terms of pathway take place in parokaryote
glycolysis: cytoplasm
intermediate step: cytoplasm
kreb's cycle: cytoplasm
ETC: plasma membrane
67
Describe fermentation
release energy from oxidation of organic molecules
does not require oxygen
does not use the krebs cycle or ETC
uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
68
What microbe uses fermentation
streptococcis ( incapable of respiration)
| faculative anaerobes
69
What is the main purpose of fermentation
regeneration of NAD+
70
What are 2 types of fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
| alcohol fermentation
71
What is the end product of fermentation of streptococcus,lactobacillus, bacillus (1)
pyruvic acid > lactic acid
72
What is the end product of fermentation in Saccharomyces ( yeast)
pyruvic acid > ethanol and CO2
73
What is the end products of fermentation for Escherichia and salmonella (6)
```
ethanol
lactic acid
succinic acid
acetic acid
co2
h2
```
74
Describe enzymes used in lipid and protein catabolism(3)
extracellular enzymes
| enzymes include lipase,proteases and peptidases
75
What does lipase do in lipid catabolism
breakdown fats to fatty acids and glycerol
| ex. phospholipase-staphyloccus aureus
76
What does proteases and peptidases do in protein catabolism
proteases and peptidases breakdown large proteins to their amino acids
77
Draw out lipid catabloism
reference notebook
78
draw out protein catabolism
reference notebook
79
Why do microorganism use atp synthesise
for bio synthesis
80
What is biosynthesis
```
synthesis of
polysaccharides like glycogen and peptidoglycan
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
```
81
What are the 2 sequential stages in photosynthesis
```
light dependent ( light) reaction
light independent ( dark) reaction
```
82
Describe light-dependent reaction in terms of the 3 products it makes
product: oxygen, ATP, NADPH
NADP+ > NADPH
ATP- photophosphorylation
83
Describe light independent reaction
product: sugar
| calvin cycle
84
Where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotic
plasma membrane
85
What is the formula for oxygenic photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + LIGHT ENERGY > C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
86
What is the formula for anoxygenic phtosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2S + LIGHT ENERGY > C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 12S
87
What are 3 photosynthetic pigments
- green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria ( chlorophyll a)
- other bacteria ( bacterioclorophylls)
- photosystems: photosystem 1- p700 and ph0totsystem 2- P680
88
Describe cyclic photophosphorylation
refernce notebook
89
describe noncyclic phtotphosphorylation
reference notebook
90
What are the 3 products of light reaction
ATP
NADPH
OXYGEN
91
Describe light independent ( dark) reaction
calvin cycle
known proiducts NADPH + ATP used to fix carbon dioxide to sugar
CO2 enters
enzymes: ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ( RuBis CO)
product: organic sugar molecule
92
What 2 sources are used in classification of metabolic diversity
energy source
| carbon source
93
What are 2 microorganism classifications based on energy source
phototrophs
| chemotrophs
94
Define phototrophs
use energy from light
95
define chemotroph
use energy from redox reaction
96
What are 2 classifications for organisms based on carbon source
autotrophs
| heterotrophs
97
Describe autotrophs
use carbon dioxide
| lithotrophs
98
Describe heterotrophs
use organic carbon
| organotrophs
