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Microbiology > Principle of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Principle of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Define pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

Define etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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4
Q

Define infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

Describe disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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6
Q

Define translet microbiota

A

may be present for days,weeks, or months

not our normal microbiota

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7
Q

Define normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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8
Q

Define human microbiome project

A

analyzes relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health

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9
Q

Describe4 factors distribution and composition is determined by … (normal microbiota)

A

nutrients
physical and chemical factors ( pH.temp)
host defenses
mechanical factors

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10
Q

Where is the normal microbiota located

A 
nose 
throat
eyes
mouth
skin
large intestine
urinary 
reproduction
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11
Q 
Region: Skin
give examples (3)
A

Staphylococcus, corynebacterium,micrococcus candidal ( fugus)

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12
Q

Region: Eye

example(3)

A

staphlococcus epidermidis
S.aureus
micrococcus

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13
Q

Region: nose (2) and throat ( upper respiratory system) (3)

example

A

staphylococcus areus, s.epidermidis -mose

s.epidermidis, s aureus, neisseria-throat

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14
Q

Region: mouth

example (3)

A

streptococcus
lactobacillus
neisseria

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15
Q

region: large intestine

example (4)

A

e.coli
lactobacillus
enterococcus
candida ( fungus)

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16
Q

Region: urinary and reproductive system

example(4)

A

staphylococcus
micrococcus
enterococcus
klebsiella

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17
Q

What are 3 terms of relationship between microbiota and host

A

microbial antagonism ( competitve exclusion)
probiotics
symbiosis

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18
Q

Describe microbial anatagonism

A

a competition between microbes

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19
Q

What are 3 ways normal microbiota protect the host by

A

1) competing for nutrients
2) producing substances harmful to invading microbes
3) affecting pH and available oxygen

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20
Q

Describe probiotics

A

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body,intended to exert a beneficial effect

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21
Q

Describe symbiosis and 3 types

A

relationship b/t normal microbiota and the host
commensalism
mutalism
parasitism

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22
Q

Define commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

ex. corynebacteria

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23
Q

Define mutalism

A

both organisms benefits

ex. E.coli ( synthesis vitamin B, K; we give nutrients to E.coli)

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24
Q

Describe parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

ex. pathogens

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25
What is opportunistic pathogens
e.coli making way to other part of body
26
Define epidemiology
study of occurrence distribution and determinants of health and disease in a population
27
Define incidence of a disease
number of people in a population developing the disease during a particular time period ( number of new cases)
28
Define prevalence of a disease
total number of people in a population affected by the disease at a particular time period ( # of old and new cases)
29
Define mortality
incidence of death in a population due to a particular disease
30
Define morbidity
incidence of a disease in a population which includes a fatal and non-fatal cases
31
Define infectious disease
disease caused by microorganisms
32
What are 4 classification of infectious disease
1) According to the spread of the disease 2) According to the severity or duration of the disease 3) According to the frequency of occurrence of the disease 4) According to the extent to which the human body is affected
33
What are the 3 diseases according to the spread of the diseases
1) Communicable disease 2) Contagious disease 3) Non-communicable disease
34
Define communicable disease
spread from 1 host to another | ex.tuberculosis,typhoid, measles,chickenpox
35
Define contagious disease
a communicable disease that spreads very easily and rapidly from 1 host to another ex. chickenpox and measles
36
Define non-communicable disease
does not spread from 1 host to another | ex. tetanus
37
What are 4 disease type according to severity or duration of the disease
1) acute disease 2) chronic diseases 3) subacute disease 45) latent disease
38
Define acute diseases
symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time | ex. cold,pneumonia
39
Define chronic diseases
symptoms developed slowly ) months to year) | ex. tuberculosis,hep B
40
Define subacute disease
intermediate between acute and chronic
41
Define latent disease
disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
42
What are 4 diseases according to the frequency of occurence of the disease
sporadic disease endemic disease epidemic disease pandemic disease
43
Define sporadic disease
disease that occurs inly occasionally ex. typhoid,malaria,dengue - in the US) may not be sporadic in other parts of world
44
Define endemic disease
a disease that is constantly present in a population or a region ex. cold and malaria
45
Define epidemic disease
dissease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time ex. influenza, food poisoning,viral diarrhea
46
Define pandemic disease
an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide | ex. avian influenza
47
What are 2 infections according to the extent to which the human body is affected
Local infection | systemic ( generalized ) infection
48
Define local infections
infections that affects a small area of the body
49
Define systemic infections
infections that spread throughout the body
50
Define bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
51
Define septicemia
also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood
52
Define toxemia
presence of microbial toxins in blood
53
Define viremia
presence of viruses in blood
54
Define subclinical infections
infections that are present in the body but do not cause any apparent illness or disease ex. hep A virus, typhoid bacteria, HIV
55
What are 8 predisposing factors
1) gender 2) inherited traits 3) climate and weather 4) fatigue 5) age 6) lifestyle 7) nutrition 8) chemotherapy
56
What are the 5 periods for development of disease
1) incubation period 2) prodromal period 3) period of illness 4) period of decline 5) period of convalescence
57
Define incubation period
time interval between the initial infection and the 1st appearance of signs and symptoms
58
Define prodromal period
short periods after incubation; early,mild symptoms
59
Define period of illness
disease is the most severe | pt can die during this period
60
Define period of decline
signs and symptoms subside
61
Define period of convalescence
body returns to its pre-diseased state
62
What are the 3 reservoirs of infection
Human reservoirs animal reservoirs nonliving reservoirs
63
Define human reservoirs
carriers: may have inapparent infections or latent diseases | ex. typhoid, AID, hep B, Covid
64
Define animal reservoir
zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans | ex. wild/ doesmotic animals ( via direct contact/aerosol)
65
Define nonliving reservoirs
soil and water | ex. tentus,ringworm, gi disease ( typhoid,cholera)
66
What are 3 modes of transmission of disease
1) contact transmission 2) vehicle transmission 3) vector transmission
67
What are 3 forms of contact transmission
direct contact transmission indirect contact transmission droplet transmission
68
Define direct contact transmission
requires close association b/t the infected and a susceptible host ex. aid, hep, influenza. measles
69
Define indirect contact transmission
spreads to host by a nonliving object called a fomite ex. towels,drinking cup hep B,aid, conjugivitis
70
Define droplet transmission
transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter | ex. sa;via,mucous, flu, URT
71
What are 3 vehicle transmission
transmission by an inanimated reservior 1) waterborne 2) foodborne 3) airborne
72
What are 2 forms of vector transmission
arthropods, especially fleas,ticks, mosquitos mechanical transmission biological transmission
73
Define mechanical transmission
arthropod carries pathogen on its feet | ex. flies on food
74
Define biological transmission
pathogem reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces ex. tapeworm
75
Define nosocomial infection
healthcare-associated infection acquired while recieving treatment in a healthcare facility affects 1 in 25 hospital patients
76
Define compromised host
an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns
77
Give 4 examples of nosocomial infections
1) e.coli (UTI) 2) Staphylococcus aureus ( surgical wound) 3) candida ( UTI) 4) Klebsiella pneumoniae ( all sites)
78
What are 4 ways of control of nosocomial infection
1) handwashing 2) disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients 3) cleaning instruments scrupulously 4) using disposable banages and intubation
79
2 big ways of controlling nosocomial infection
1) reduce number of pathogens | 2) infection control committees

Microbiology (16 decks)

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