chapter 1 and 2

Question 1

what was the experiment by urey and miller

Answer 1

demonstration of abiotic formation of organic compounds
mixture of nh3, ch4, h20 etc

Question 2

dna replicates through what

Answer 2

complementarity

Question 3

what is complementarity

Answer 3

the specific pairing of functional groups

Question 4

what does complementarity allow

Answer 4

macromolecules to replicate

Question 5

who proposed the rna world

Answer 5

woese crick and orgel

Question 6

what was the rna hypothesis

Answer 6

rna can carry genetic informaiton
rna can do catalysis
- thomas cech

Question 7

what were concerns relating to prebiotic evolution

Answer 7

Low concentration of building blocks (10-10 M)
Hydrolysis favored = Most biopolymers are unstable at
high T’s
do not replicate by themselves reliably

Question 8

what mixture were the amino acids in

Answer 8

racemic mixture

Question 9

proteins are what types of amino acids

Answer 9

L amino ac id

Question 10

what was wrong with urey and miller exp

Answer 10

earths atmosphere was never reducing

Question 11

who discovered the third superkingdom of life

Answer 11

carl woese

Question 12

what was the 3rd superkingdom

Answer 12

archaea

Question 13

why do prokaryotes have a small size

Answer 13

need a small size to maintain large surface area vol ration to enable the diffusion of food and oxygen

Question 14

explain main points of endosymbiotic

Answer 14

symbiotic system can carry aerobic catabolism
some bacterial genes move to nucleus and the bacterial endosymbionts become mitochondria

Question 15

reactivity depends of functional groups depends on what

Answer 15

pH

Question 16

what are the names of strongest to least strongest bonds

Answer 16

covalent> ionic interaction> hydrogen bond> dipole> london

Question 17

what is the structure of ice

Answer 17

hexagonally packed
honey comb shape
satisfies the H bonding potential

Question 18

what is one of the most polar solvents

Answer 18

water

Question 19

water is an excellent solvent for what

Answer 19

charged and polar species

Question 20

water is a poor solvent for

Answer 20

non polar solvents

Question 21

what is the hydrophobic interaction

Answer 21

non covalent forces that occur when nonpolar molecules cluster together in water to reduce the interfacial area betwen them and water

Question 22

what is a good example of an amphiphilic molecule

Answer 22

fatty acids or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

Question 23

micelle formation is driven by what

Answer 23

entropy

Question 24

what is one tailed amphiphiles in higher concentratins form

Answer 24

micelle

Question 25

two tailed amphiphiles in high con. form

Answer 25

bilayer vesicle

Question 26

one tailed detergens in low conc. form

Answer 26

monolayer

Question 27

what is osmosis

Answer 27

movement of water from a region of high to low conc

Question 28

osmotic pressure depends on

Answer 28

solute concentration

Question 29

pH =

Answer 29

pKa when the base = the acid

Question 30

when does a buffer occur

Answer 30

when weak acid and conjuagate base present in nearly equal proportions

Question 31

what is a physiologically important buffer

Answer 31

H2PO4

Question 32

what is the structure of water

Answer 32

tetrahedral w/ lone pairs bent w/out lone pairs

Question 33

water ideal H bonding

Answer 33

2 lps and 2 Hs allow 4 H bonds per molecule

Question 34

what are the properties of water due to H bonding

Answer 34

high BP and MP het of vaporization and surface tension

Question 35

short term h20 interactinos are

Answer 35

tetrahedral in nature

Question 36

P(x)=

Answer 36

- log [x]

Question 37

what is the henderson hasselback equation

Answer 37

pH = pKA+ log [a]/[ha]

Question 38

pKw =

Answer 38

14 = pH + pOH

Question 39

kw =

Answer 39

ka *kb = 10^-14