Chapter 1 - Becoming a Pilot and Principles of Flight Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What are the two main points of pre-flight?
A
1) That all required documents are on-board
2) To ensure that the airplane is in safe condition for flight
2
Q
What are the three required documents to look for during pre-flight?
A
1) Airworthiness certificate
2) Aircraft registration certificate
3) Airplane checklists
3
Q
When walking to the airplane, what should you look for?
A
Fluid leaks or obvious hazards
4
Q
What should you and shouldn’t you do concerning the airplane checklists?
A
You should be familiar with them, but you should NOT memorize them
5
Q
What is the general direction of the exterior pre-flight inspection?
A
Left seat to tail, then counter clockwise around plane
6
Q
What is the propeller arc?
A
The space the propeller will turn in
7
Q
What does good cockpit management require?
A
Materials and equipment are readily available and well organized
8
Q
What are the four main materials needed in the cockpit?
A
1) Pen/Pencil and Paper
2) Airport diagram
3) Terminal area and sectional charts
4) American Flyers flight planing form
9
Q
Important seat position tip
A
Keep the seat position consistent, especially early in training
10
Q
What is the predominant aerodynamic for for enabling an airplane to fly?
A
The lifting force
11
Q
What are airfoils?
A
Structures or surfaces that are designed to generate an aerodynamic force when they interact with the air
12
Q
Examples of airfoils
A
Wings, Propellers, Stabilizers, Helicopter blades
13
Q
What are the four basic forces of flight?
A
1) Lift
2) Weight
3) Thrust
4) Drag
14
Q
What is lift
A
Upward force created by an airfoil
15
Q
What direction does lift act?
A
Perpendicular to wings
16
Q
What force does lift oppose?
A
Weight
17
Q
With regards to lift, why is air accelerated rearward and downward by the wings?
A
Due to the shape of the wing and its inclination or angle relative to the flight path of the airplane
18
Q
What does the amount of lifting force depend on?
A
The weight/load of the airplane
19
Q
Is there an Angle of Attack indicator in the C172?
A
No
20
Q
What is the only reference to Angle of Attack in the C1172 and why?
A
As airspeed changes, the AOA changes, maintaining the same lifting force
21
Q
Wings will create lift equal to weight unless what?
A
The critical Angle of Attack is exceeded, resulting in a stall
22
Q
Are pitch and Angle of Attack the same?
A
No! Level pitch could be greater than any angle of attack depending on power/airspeed/flight path
23
Q
What direction does weight act?
A
Towards the center of the earth; downward
24
Q
What force does weight oppose?
A
Lift
25
What does weight encompass?
The actual weight of the aircraft and everything in it, please aerodynamic loads
26
What direction does thrust act?
Forward
27
What force does thrust oppose?
Drag
28
On most planes, what creates thrust?
The propeller + engine
29
What direction does drag act?
Rearward
30
What force does drag oppose?
Thrust
31
What factors cause drag from friction to vary?
The airspeed and angle to the relative wind
32
What speed produces the least amount of drag?
The Best Gliding Speed
33
Describe the function of the Elevator and its location
Controls pitch, located on the tail
34
Describe the function of the Ailerons and their location
Controls roll, on wings
35
Describe the function of the rudder and its location
Controls yaw, located on the vertical stabilizer
36
What keeps the longitudinal axes aligned with the flight path?
The rudder
37
What direction yaw does left aileron produce?
Right yaw
38
What direction yaw does right aileron produce?
Left yaw
39
Together, what do the elevator, ailerons, and rudder control?
The plan's attitude
40
How should you think with regards to control?
Pressure; not resulting movement
41
Describe pitch
Movement about the lateral, or Y, axis
42
Describe Roll
Movement about the longitudinal, or x, axis
43
Describe yaw
Movement about the vertical, or z, axis
44
What is attitude?
The position of the nose and wings in relation to the horizon
45
What is the purpose of Trim?
To relieve control pressure and reduce pilot fatigue
46
What do you need to do when changing bank attitude?
Use rudder to control adverse yaw
47
What is the result of lowering flaps?
Lowering flaps may cause an increase in camber, wing area, and drag
48
What does more camber and wing area produce?
The same lift at a lower airspeed
49
What is camber?
The camber of an airfoil is the characteristic curve of its upper and lower surfaces
50
Should you extend flaps at high speeds?
No, you may damage them
51
Vfe
The maximum flaps extended speed
52
For the C172, what is Vfe and how is it noted?
85 KIAS, the end of the white arc on the ASI
53
How can you find the stall speed with flaps extended?
The low end of the white arc on the ASI
54
What instrument measures power?
The tachometer, read in rpm
55
Why do you need to be aware what is behind the airplane when starting the engine?
Propeller wash
56
How do you clear the propeller arc when starting the engine?
Turn on the rotating beacon, then yell "CLEAR" while looking outside the plan (not at the checklists/charts)
57
How long should it take the engine to start while cranking?
10-15 seconds of cranking
58
What is the most important gauge to check while starting the engine?
Oil pressure
59
What is the color indication for Mandatory markings?
Red background, white numbers
60
What is the color indication for Location markings?
Yellow boarders, black background, yellow numbers/letters
61
What is the color indication for Direction markings?
Black boarders, yellow backgrounds, black numbers/letters
62
What color is the runway centerline?
White
63
What does the runway number denote?
The magnetic heading while facing down the runway, rounded to the nearest 10 degrees with the trailing 0 dropped
64
What color marks an unusable surface?
Yellow
65
What do displaced thresholds indicate?
The usable portion of the paved surface
66
What do arrows on the runway indicate?
An area usable for taxi and takeoff, but not for landing
67
What color denotes an overrun/stopway?
Yellow chevrons
68
What symbol denotes a closed runway?
White X
69
What symbol denotes a closed taxiway?
Yellow X
70
What color is the taxiway centerline?
Yellow
71
What color/pattern is a hold short line?
Double solid and double dashed yellow lines
72
What does a hold-short line indicate?
The intersection of a taxiway and a runway
73
What is a hot spot?
A location on an airport movement area with a history of potential risk or runway incursion
74
What is necessary around hot spots?
Heightened attention
75
How are Hot Spots marked on airport diagrams?
"HS 1," "HS 6," etc with detailed info listed
76
What are the main things you mention to ground control when requesting taxi clearance?
Full N Number, where you are, what you want to do, and that you have ATIS information (if available)
77
What light do you not turn on while taxiing?
Strobe lights
78
Does ATC expect you to taxi immediately after requesting clearance?
Yes! Do not delay, but if you need more time, notify ATC
79
How does a positive transfer of controls work?
Call/respond; You have flight controls --> I have flight controls --> You have flight controls
80
How do you test the toe breaks before taxiing?
Release the parking break, increase power until the plane moves forward, and tap toe breaks until stopped
81
How do you control the taxi?
With power and breaks
82
What must be true before you apply any breaks?
Power must be at idle
83
What is differential breaking and what is it used for?
Using only one toe break at a low speed, used to make tight turns while taxiing
84
What do spring links in the rudder cause?
A slight delay in control response
85
Generally speaking, how fast should you taxi?
No faster than a brisk walk
86
How should the nose-wheel be oriented before coming to a stop?
Forward to avoid damage
87
When can you cross a mandatory threshold?
ONLY when you have specific clearance from ATC to do so
88
What do you need to do before contacting the tower for takeoff clearance?
Stop in the run-up area without blocking any other aircraft for the before departure checklist, then review the emergency procedures checklist
89
What is visual scanning and what is it used for?
Visual scanning is a deliberate process that consists of dividing the sky into 10 degree sections, then moving your eyes to each in turn to scan the sky. It's used to compensate for the eye's blind spots
90
With regards to the horizon, what is true of other traffic?
If the traffic is above the visual horizon, traffic is higher than you. If the traffic is below the visual horizon, traffic is lower than you.
91
What represents the most serious collision threat, which requires immediate corrective action?
When traffic appears to display no movement relative to your own aircraft
92
What should you consult for the recommended use of flap extension during takeoff?
The POH (flight manual)
93
What do you set when you taxi onto the runway for takeoff?
The Directional Gyro (DG)
94
How should you set the throttle lock when throttle is at full power during takeoff?
Twisted to lock
95
What rudder direction is needed during takeoff and why?
Propeller torque will create left yawing tendencies, so right rudder is necessary to correct
96
Vr
Rotation speed; the speed to begin pitching for takeoff
97
Vy
The best rate of climb airspeed; gains most altitude in given time possible
98
At max gross weight, what is Vr in the C172?
55 KIAS
99
At max gross weight, what is Vy in the C172?
79 KIAS
100
At max gross weight, what is the en-route climb airspeed in the C172?
75-85 KIAS
101
What are the four fundamental flight maneuvers?
Climbs, descents, turns, and straight and level flight
102
What is attitude flying?
Flying by means of visually establishing the airplanes attitude with reference to the natural horizon
103
What is the general equation for performance?
Attitude + Power = Performance
104
What are examples of performance indicators?
The ASI, Altimeter, and Heading indicator
105
What is the three step climb entry sequence?
1) Adjust pitch to just above the horizon
2) Increase power to full throttle
3) Trim after stabilized to relieve control pressure
106
What instruments measure climb performance?
ASI and VSI
107
What limits climb performance?
Energy/Power available by engine
108
What is the typical climb performance of most training aircraft?
~500 fpm
109
How are the four forces interacting during a stabilized climb?
Lift = Weight and Thrust = Drag
110
Besides ASI, Altimeter, etc, what must you pay attention to during a climb?
Engine performance, particularly temperature
111
What should you try to do if the engine overheats while climbing?
Increasing airspeed by shallowing climb angle
112
What should you do if the oil pressure is low during a climb?
Decrease power and land at the nearest airport
113
What do you do if detonation occurs during a climb?
Decrease climb angle and increase airspeed to increase cooling airflow
114
When V > Vy....
This is an en-route climb; gives better visibility over nose, improved engine cooling, and a higher airspeed
115
When should you begin to level off after completing a climb?
About 50 ft prior to the desired altitude
116
What is the three step sequence for leveling off from a climb sequence?
1) Lower pitch and wait for airspeed to increase to cruise
2) Reduce engine power to cruise setting
3) Trim to relieve control pressure
117
What is the normal descent power in the C1272?
2000 rpm
118
What is the three step sequence for descending?
1) Reduce power to 2000 rpm
2) Lower pitch attitude to just below the horizon
3) Trim to relieve control pressure
119
What is typical airport traffic pattern speed?
65-85 KIAS
120
What is the best glide descent speed in the C172 and what does it give you?
65 KIAS; gives the least altitude lost to greatest distance flown
121
What speed range are approach descents done at?
60-90 KIAS
122
For passenger comfort, what is the highest descent speed you should use?
500 fpm
123
What is the three step sequence for leveling off from a descent?
1) Increase pitch to horizon
2) Increase power to cruise setting
3) Trim to relieve control pressure
124
How much lead should you give to level off from a descent?
This depends on your reaction time, less than 50 ft should be adequate
125
What is the typical attitude performance sequence during takeoff?
Takeoff --> Vy --> 500 ft AGL --> Can reduce pitch
126
What type of force does turning produce?
An acceleration force due to centrifugal force
127
How do you start a turn?
Deflect the ailerons, add back elevator pressure, coordinate turn with rudder pedals
128
What are side loads indicative of during a turn?
Lack of turn coordination
129
As long as the ailerons are deflected, what will continue?
Roll
130
What should you still do after neutralizing the ailerons after establishing the bank attitude of a turn?
Keep holding elevator pressure back
131
How do you coordinate the stopping of a banked turn?
Use opposite aileron and rudder controls while REDUCING elevator backpressure
132
What does a curved flight path result in?
Increased load factor
133
What are the eight cardinal directions?
```
N: 360 Degrees
NY: 45 Degrees
E: 90 Degrees
SE: 135 Degrees
S: 180 Degrees
SW: 225 Degrees
W: 270 Degrees
NW: 315 Degrees
```
134
What type of bank attitude should be used during a climbing turn?
Shallow
135
What combo of aileron + rudder is needed during a climbing left turn?
Left aileron + Right rudder
136
What combo of aileron + rudder is needed during a climbing right turn?
Left aileron + MORE right rudder
137
What is the sequence for a climbing turn?
1) Increase pitch to just above the horizon
2) Increase power to full throttle
3) Establish medium bank attitude
4) Trim to relieve control pressure
138
What is the sequence for a descending turn?
1) Reduce power to 2100 rpm
2) Lower pitch to just below horizon
3) Establish a medium bank attitude
4) Trim to relieve control pressure
139
What is the sequence for slowing airspeed?
1) Decrease power
2) Increase pitch
3) Increase power
4) Trim
140
What is Stability?
The airplane's ability to return to its original flight condition after being disrupted
141
What is static stability?
The airplane's initial reaction to a disturbance. Described as positive, negative, or neutral
142
What is dynamic stability?
The airplane's actions over time (example of oscillations). Can also be positive, negative, or neutral
143
What is lateral stability?
Roll stability
144
What is longitudinal stability?
Pitch stability
145
What is directional stability?
Yaw stability
146
Briefly describe the post-flight inspection
Not as thorough as pre-flight, mostly just visual for any obvious leaks or issues/damage
147
What are communications radios used for?
Talking to ATC, other aircraft, and getting weather information
148
What are navigation radios used for?
Used for receiving navigation signals from the ground
149
What comprises the pitot system?
The pitot tube and connecting lines
150
What comprises the static system?
Static vent and connecting lines
151
What gauges does the pitot-static system operate?
ASI, VSI, Altimeter
152
Briefly describe the pitot-static system
The system uses a combination of devices to measure the static and dynamic air pressure
153
What is the only direction-seeking instrument in the plane?
The magnetic compass
154
How often should you compare the magnetic compass and heading indicator?
About every 15 mins
155
What are the gyroscopic flight instruments?
Turn coordinator, heading indicator, and attitude indicator
156
Which gyroscopic flight instruments are controlled by the vacuum system?
The heading indicator and Attitude indicator
157
Which gyroscopic flight instruments are controlled by the electric system?
The turn coordinator
158
What concept is pilot training built on?
The concept of fostering a pilot-in-command (PIC) mentality
159
What must you always have with you when flying?
Your private pilot certificate, photo ID, and medical
160
What recent flight experience must you have to fly with passengers?
At least 3 takeoffs and landings in previous 90 days in aircraft of the same category/class/type
161
What must always be part of your logbook entires?
Date, total flight time, locations flown, type and ID of aircraft
162
What airplane maintenance records are checked as part of pre-flight?
Air-frame/Engine/Propeller records, which are not required during flight
163
What are the required maintenance inspections for all aircraft?
Annual condition report and Airworthiness Directives
164
Aircraft Annual Condition Report
Must be done once for every 12 month period
165
Airworthiness Directivess (ADs)
Issued by the FAA when a crucial maintenance item must be performed. Compliance is almost always mandatory
166
What is an AME?
Aviation Medical Examiner, a licensed physician for completing an FAA physical
