Chapter 1 Book and Study Questions

Question 1

concerns the causative factors in a particular disease

Answer 1

etiology

Question 2

the number of new cases of a disease in a given population noted within a stated time period

Answer 2

Incidence

Question 3

a condition that triggers onset or exacerbation of disease

Answer 3

Precipitating factor

Question 4

new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins

Answer 4

Complication

Question 5

the probability of specific outcomes

Answer 5

Prognosis

Question 6

refers to a disease caused by the actions of a health care worker, including treatment, diagnosis, or failure to recognize complications

Answer 6

Iatrogenic

Question 7

occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type that is functiona

Answer 7

Metaplasia

Question 8

referred to as cancer and involve dysplastic tissues.

Answer 8

Malignant neoplasms

Question 9

programmed cell death

Answer 9

Apoptosis

Question 10

an area of ischemic and necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Answer 10

Gangrene

Question 11

indicates a short term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as fever or severe pain.
For ex. acute appendicitis

Answer 11

Acute disease

Question 12

Milder conditions devleoping gradually such as rheumatoid arthritis but it persist for a long time and usually cause more permanent tissue damage. Often marked by intermittent acute episodes

Answer 12

Chronic disease

Question 13

Occurs when there are higher than expected number of cases of infectious diseases within a given area

Answer 13

Epidemic

Question 14

Higher number of cases in many regions of the globe

Answer 14

Pandemic

Question 15

decrease in the size of cells resulting in a reduced tissue mass.
Common causes: reduced used of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation and aging.
ex. shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when limb is immobilized for several weeks.

Answer 15

Atrophy

Question 16

Increase in the size of the individual cells in an enlarged tissue mass
ex. consistent exercise on skeletal muscle leads to enlarged muscle mass

Answer 16

Hypertrophy

Question 17

Increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass.

Answer 17

Hyperplasia

Question 18

Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Sometimes an adaptive mechanism that provides more resistant tissue

Answer 18

Metaplasia

Question 19

Tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased.
May result from chronic irritation infection or precancerous change.
Detection of dysplasia is the basis of routing screening tests for atypical cells such as pap smears.

Answer 19

Dysplasia

Question 20

“new growth” and neoplasm called tumor
two types:
malignant
benign

Answer 20

Neoplasia

Question 21

Cellular changes-

a decrease in size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks

Answer 21

atrophy

Question 22

Cellular changes-

breast enlargement at puberty

Answer 22

hyperplasia

Question 23

Cellular changes-a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight lifter

Answer 23

hypertrophy

Question 24

Cellular changes-a very aggressively growing cancer mass

Answer 24

neoplasia

Question 25

Cellular change-benign tumor growing along the spine

Answer 25

neoplasia

Question 26

Cellular changes-the changes that occur in the lower extremities of some paralyzed below the waist.

Answer 26

atrophy

Question 27

Cellular changes-a pressure is under a poorly fitting denture

Answer 27

atrophy

Question 28

Cellular changes-the changes that often occur over years in the respiratory tract of a smoker

Answer 28

metaplasia

Question 29

Cellular changes-the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear

Answer 29

dysplasia

Question 30

Cellular changes-the response of the skeletal system to excessive growth hormone

Answer 30

hyperplasia

Question 31

Cellular changes-the thyroid gland's response to hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Answer 31

metaplasia, neoplasia, dysplasia

Question 32

Cellular changes-the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g. chronic alcohol abuse)

Answer 32

hyperplasia

Question 33

Cellular changes-the changes that occur in the gallbladder with the development of gallstones

Answer 33

hypertrophy

Question 34

Cellular changes-the thyroid gland's response to decreased iodine intake

Answer 34

hyperplasia

Question 35

Cellular changes-the effect of decreased pituitary function on the adrenal glands

Answer 35

atrophy

Question 36

Cellular changes-the development of callus on the hands of an individual involved in heavy physical labor

Answer 36

hyperplasia

Question 37

Which of cellular adaptation is considered the most dangerous?

Answer 37

Dysplasia; maybe a forerunner of neoplasia

Question 38

what is the significance of anaplasia

Answer 38

Failure of cells to differentiate or develop specialized features; a term applied to grading malignant tumors

Question 39

Eight causes of cellular damage

Answer 39

1. ischemia- decreased supply of O2 blood to. a tissue or organ d/t circulatory obstruction 2. Physical agents (extreme temperature, radiation exposure) 3. Mechanical damage 4. Chemical toxins 5. Pathogen 6. Abnormal metabolites 7. Nutritional deficits 8. Fluid electrolyte imbalances

Question 40

a tumor

Answer 40

neoplasia

Question 41

number of new cases of diseases

Answer 41

incidence

Question 42

worsening of disease

Answer 42

exacerbation

Question 43

death rate

Answer 43

mortality

Question 44

tissue enlargement caused by an increase in cell number

Answer 44

hyperplasia

Question 45

tissue death

Answer 45

necrosis

Question 46

development of a disease

Answer 46

pathogenesis

Question 47

the study of the cause of a disease

Answer 47

etiology

Question 48

a specific local change in tissue

Answer 48

lesion

Question 49

a condition that continues for a prolonged period

Answer 49

chronic

Question 50

originating inside the body

Answer 50

endogenous

Question 51

condition in which cells fail to develop specialized features

Answer 51

anaplasia

Question 52

condition with sudden onset and severe symptoms

Answer 52

acute

Question 53

tissue enlargement due to increased cells size

Answer 53

hypertrophy

Question 54

shoveling snow on a cold day (may cause heart problems)

Answer 54

precipitating factor-condition that triggers an acute episode

Question 55

unknown cause

Answer 55

idiopathic

Question 56

a condition resulting in atypical cervical cells

Answer 56

dysplasia

Question 57

disease caused by a treatment procedure

Answer 57

iatrogenic

Question 58

contagious condition

Answer 58

communicable

Question 59

objective indicator of a disease

Answer 59

sign

Question 60

substitution of one mature cell type with a different cell type

Answer 60

metaplasia

Question 61

originating outside the body

Answer 61

exogenous

Question 62

decreased O2

Answer 62

hypoxia