Chapter 1 Cell injury, death, and adaptations Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Define pathology
A
The study of suffering (disease)
2
Q
The origin of disease (why)
A
Etiology
3
Q
Steps in developing disease (how)
A
Pathogenesis
4
Q
Various changes accompany disease
A
Morphologic
5
Q
What are two examples of cellular stress?
A
Physiologic stress
Pathological stimuli
6
Q
Why do cells and tissues adapt to stressors?
A
To attempt to preserve viability and function
7
Q
List 4 main cellular adaptations
A
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
8
Q
When are cellular adaptations exceeded?
A
Reversible cell injury
Irreversible cell injury
9
Q
Increased SIZE of cell and organ typically from mechanical stress and growth factors
A
Hypertrophy
10
Q
In hypertrophy do cells divide?
A
Cells are incapable of division
11
Q
What is a physiologic example of hypertrophy?
A
Weight lifters
12
Q
What is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?
A
Ventricular hypertrophy from HTN
13
Q
Increased NUMBER of cells
A
Hyperplasia
14
Q
Hyperplasia is a response to what?
A
Growth factors
15
Q
In hyperplasia do cells divide?
A
Cells must be able to replicate
16
Q
What is a physiological example of hyperplasia?
A
Female breast, liver
17
Q
What is a pathologic example of hyperplasia?
A
Papilloma virus - warts
18
Q
Give an example when hyperplasia would accompany hypertrophy?
A
Pregnant uterus
19
Q
Decreased SIZE of cells or organs
A
Atrophy
20
Q
Describe proteins and atrophy
A
Decreased protein synthesis
Increased protein breakdown
21
Q
Are cells dead in atrophy?
A
No, decreased function
22
Q
List five causes of atrophy
A
Disuse Reduced blood supply Loss of innervation Loss of endocrine supply Aging (senile atrophy)
23
Q
Thenar atrophy
A
Loss of innervation (atrophy)
24
Q
REVERSIBLE change where one cell type is replaced by another
A
Metaplasia
25
Metaplasia is commonly a response to what?
Prolonged stressors
26
Give an example of metaplasia
Smoking and epithelial metaplasia
27
What are two common results of metaplasia?
Reduce the function of the cell
| Increase chance of malignancy
28
List some causes of cellular injury
Trauma, genetic defects, hypoxia, poisons/toxins, nutritional imbalances, and aging
29
Describe reversible injury
Mild, LACK membrane damage and cell will return to normal once stressor is removed
30
What is the common appearance of a cell in reversible injury?
Cellular swelling and accumulation of fat in cytoplasm
31
Describe irreversible injury
Inability to correct mito dysfunction and membrane function
32
In cell death this is always pathological (inflammatory response)
Necrosis
33
This does not elicit an inflammatory response
Apoptosis
34
Nuclear dissolution without loss of membrane integrity
Apoptosis
35
List the morphological types of necrosis
```
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Gangrenous
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid
```
36
A brown recluse spider bite is an example of what?
Necrosis
37
Characteristic of infarctions of solid organs except the brain
Coagulative necrosis
38
Describe the tissue in coagulative necrosis
Tissue structure is preserved for a few days
| Denatures proteins and enzymes
39
Dead cells are completely digested and a liquid viscous mass results
Liquefactive necrosis
40
What is the most common cause of liquefactive necrosis?
Bacterial infections
41
CNS hypoxia
Liquefactive necrosis
42
Ischemia in the lower extremity
Gangrenous necrosis
43
Cheese like appearance that is friable yellow/white
Caseous necrosis
44
Give an example of caseous necrosis
Granuloma from TB
45
Medical emergency where leaked pancreatic enzymes cause fat saponification in the peritoneal cavity
Fat necrosis
46
What is the enzyme precursor in fat necrosis
Activated pancreatic zymogens
47
Typical of autoimmune reactions involving antigens and antibodies which are deposited in vascular walls
Fibrinoid necrosis
48
Describe the characteristic trait of fibrinoid necrosis
Bright pink stain
49
Give some examples of fibrinoid necrosis
Polyarteritis nodosa
| Preeclampsia, lupus, organ transplant
50
Falling off
Apoptosis
51
Give a physiologic example of apoptosis
Gill slits in embryonic development
52
Give a pathologic example of apoptosis
HIV
53
What is hallmark of apoptosis
Activation of capsases
54
What are the two pathways of apoptosis?
```
Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
```
55
This pathway involves the tumor necrosis factor
Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
56
Sel-eating
Autophagy
57
When does autophagy occur?
Survival during times of reduced nutrients
| To rid misfolded proteins
58
Give examples of diseases where autophagy occurs
Alzheimers, Parkinson's, ALS
59
This mechanism of cell injury is caused by hypoxia, nutritional deficiency, mitochondrial damage, and toxins
Depletion of ATP
60
This mechanism of cell injury is from ROS, irradiation, and hypoxia which causes a loss of membrane potential
Mitochondrial damage
61
This mechanism of cell injury is caused by ischemia and toxins
Influx of calcium
62
This mechanism of cell injury is caused by ischemia-reperfusion, irradiation, cellular aging, phagocytic activity, and inflammatory cells
Accumulation of ROS
63
This mechanism of cell injury is caused by ischemia, microbial toxins, various physical and chemical stressors, and characteristic of nearly all forms of necrosis
Defects in membrane permeability
64
This mechanism of cell injury is commonly caused by ROS or irradiation and will trigger apoptosis when too severe
DNA and protein damage
65
This type of injury impacts aerobic and anaerobic injury production
Ischemia and hypoxic injury
66
In an ischemic and hypoxic injury, reduced ATP leads to depletion of what?
Glycogen
67
In ischemia-reperfusion injury, the majority of injury results in the formation of what?
ROS
68
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is clinically important in what two cases?
Cerebral and myocardial infarction
| Stroke and heart attack
69
Chemicals induce cellular injury via what two methods?
Direct action
| Conversion
70
Conversion typically results from what system in the liver?
Cytochrome P-450
71
What is another term for intracellular accumulations
Inclusions
72
Intracellular accumulations are associated with what two things?
Cell injury and aging
73
Intracellular accumulations occur within what?
Cytoplasm, organelles, or nucleus
74
What are the four main pathways of intracellular accumulations?
Abnormal metabolism
Defective protein folding/transport
Defective or absent enzymes
Ingestion of indigestible materials
75
Give an example of abnormal metabolism
Fatty liver disease
76
Give an example of ingestion of indigestible materials
Black lung
77
What is another name for fatty changes
Steatosis
78
Fatty changes is an accumulation of what?
Triglycerides
79
What are the two most common causes of fatty changes?
Alcoholism and type II diabetes
80
Dead/injured cells from examples such as aortic valve stenosis and atherosclerosis
Dystrophic calcification
81
Deposition of calcium into normal tissues
Metastatic calcification
82
An example of metastatic calcification can be found in hypercalcemia due to an increase in what hormone?
Parathyroid hormone
83
Give two additional examples of metastatic calcification
Multiple myeloma and sarcoidosis
84
Decreased ability to perform cellular division
Replicative senescence
85
Give two examples of cellular aging
Werner syndrome
| Progeria
