Quizzy Questions Exam 1

Question 1

A cell that has undergone physiologic stress may adapt via what 2 mechanisms?

Answer 1

Metaplasia

Hypertrophy

Question 2

What is the term indicating an increase in the number of cells has resulted from the proliferation of differentiated cells?

Answer 2

Hyperplasia (increase in number)

Question 3

What is the term indicating a reversible change has occurred from one adult cell type by another adult cell type?

Answer 3

Metaplasia

Question 4

This is the term for irreversible change, or cell death

Answer 4

Dysplasia

Question 5

Decreased cellular protein synthesis combined with increase protein degradation is the hallmark feature of _____

Answer 5

Atrophy

Question 6

Which morphological category of necrosis requires histological examination to determine?

Answer 6

Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 7

The presence of lipid vacuoles within the cytoplasm of a cell (fatty changes) are most likely to occur following which type of injury?

Answer 7

Hypoxia

Question 8

Which of the following describes destructive fragmentation of the nucleus within a dying cell?

Answer 8

Karyorrhexis

Question 9

Mitochondria are resistant to the deleterious effects of hypoxia. True or False

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Apoptosis may be stimulated by both irradiation and accumulation of improperly folded proteins. True or False

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Phospholipids are enzymes within a cell that are most likely to be activated to ____ (mechanism of cell injury)

Answer 11

Influx of calcium

Question 12

Cellular response to an injurious stimuli depends on what 3 factors?

Answer 12

Duration of injury
Type of injury
Severity of injury

Question 13

Reactive oxygen species are produced in all cells during normal cellular metabolism. True or False

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The restoration of blood flow to an area of ischemia commonly causes damage to what 2 types of tissue?

Answer 14

Cerebral neurons

Myocardium of heart

Question 15

Caspase-8 is most likely to clear and activate pro-apoptotic molecules in which pathway?

Answer 15

Death receptor pathway

Question 16

Damage caused by free radicals is determined by their ___ and efficiency of removal.

Answer 16

Rate of production

Question 17

Name 2 reactive oxygen species.

Answer 17

Superoxide

Hydrogen Peroxide

Question 18

Ischemia injures tissues faster and more severely than does hypoxia. True or False

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Breakdown of the endometrium during menstrual cycle is an example of apoptosis. True or False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Calorie restriction inhibits the effects of aging. True or False

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Which of the following is a short repeated sequence of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

Answer 21

Telomere

Question 22

Deposition of calcium into an injured tissue is called ___

Answer 22

Dystrophic calcification

Question 23

Deposition of calcium into normal tissue is called ___

Answer 23

Metastatic calcification

Question 24

Disorders causing destruction of bone (osteolysis) will cause ___

Answer 24

Metastatic calcification

Question 25

The most common exogenous pigment is ___

Answer 25

Carbon

Question 26

What is a multi-protein cytoplasmic complex that recognizes products of dead cells and initiates an inflammatory response upon activation?

Answer 26

Inflammasome

Question 27

An increase of osmotic pressure of inflamed tissues will cause ___ accumulation, which is high in protein content.

Answer 27

Exudate

Question 28

A stasis sets in at the site of an acute inflammatory reaction, ___ initiate margination and rolling.

Answer 28

Leukocytes

Question 29

Which 2 types of cells predominate sites of chronic inflammation.

Answer 29

Lymphocytes | Macrophages

Question 30

Which morphological pattern of inflammation is associated with acne vulgaris?

Answer 30

Purulent

Question 31

Which morphological pattern of inflammation is demonstrated by this histological examination? (Figure 2-11 pg 45)

Answer 31

Serous

Question 32

The resolution stage of an inflammatory reaction involves enzymatic degradation of the various chemical mediators of the reaction. True or False

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Increased vascular permeability results in exudate of protein-rich extravascular fluid. True or False

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Focal collections of pus are called ___

Answer 34

Abscesses

Question 35

The kinin system leads to the formation of ___, which increase vascular permeability.

Answer 35

Bradykinin

Question 36

Activation of ___ induces the activation of coagulation cascade and the complement system.

Answer 36

Hageman factor (factor XII)

Question 37

Activation of which system generates a pore-like membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Answer 37

Complement system

Question 38

TNF, Il-1, IL-6 are all considered to be ___

Answer 38

Cytokines

Question 39

Leukocytes is a common feature of inflammatory reaction, especially those induced by ___ infection.

Answer 39

Bacterial

Question 40

Pyrogens stimulate ___ synthesis, which stimulates production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point.

Answer 40

Prostaglandin

Question 41

What 2 things are involved with septic shock following a septic bacterial infection?

Answer 41

Acidosis | Hypotensive shock

Question 42

Once the inflammatory response has resolved, the body initiates the process of healing. True or False

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Cells that are capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass are components of ___

Answer 43

Stable tissues

Question 44

Non-dividing cells are either in the __ or __ phases of the cell cycle.

Answer 44

G0 or G1

Question 45

Name an example of a labile cell

Answer 45

Hematopoietic cell (bone marrow)

Question 46

Which 2 things are commonly involved in response to increased growth factor?

Answer 46

Promotion of entry in cell cycle | Prevention of apoptosis

Question 47

Tissue recoil and return to baseline structures, following deformation is due to ___

Answer 47

Elastin

Question 48

Which fibrous structural protein of the extracellular matrix provides structural integrity to large vessel walls and ligaments?

Answer 48

Elastin

Question 49

The liver is a unique organ because it has teh ability to regenerate ___ of the tissue following surgical removal. (percentage)

Answer 49

50%

Question 50

Scar formation involves angiogenesis. True or False

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Which of the following components of the ECM acts as a reservoir for growth factors?

Answer 51

Proteoglycans

Question 52

Extensive regeneration or compensatory hyperplasia can occur only if the residual CT framework is structurally intact. True or False

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Granulation tissue is highly/poorly vascularized.

Answer 53

Highly

Question 54

Growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are primarily derived from ___

Answer 54

Macrophages

Question 55

As healing continues, localized fibroblasts increase/decrease extracellular matrix deposition.

Answer 55

Increase

Question 56

Extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases, which are dependent on ___ for their activity.

Answer 56

Zinc ions

Question 57

As healing progresses, localized vasculature increases/decreases.

Answer 57

Decreases

Question 58

A surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neovascularization by day __

Answer 58

5

Question 59

A wound is likely to regain approximately __ of the original tissue strength within 3 months of healing. (percentage)

Answer 59

75%

Question 60

The genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are always passed to daughter cells upon cell division. True or False

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Genomic instability and angiogenesis are both hallmarks of cancer development. True or False

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Divergent differentiation of neoplastic cells is common. True or False

Answer 62

False

Question 63

What has the greatest impact on their biological behavior of a neoplasm?

Answer 63

Parenchyma

Question 64

Cancer cells are limited to undergoing approximately 60-70 replications prior to cellular senescence. True or False

Answer 64

False

Question 65

Which of the following is a mixed tumor that contains cells or tissues representing more than 1 germ cell type?

Answer 65

Teratoma

Question 66

In general, benign tumors are anaplastic and malignant tumors are well-differentiated. True or False

Answer 66

False

Question 67

Which type of cancer is most likely to use the lymphatic system for metastasis?

Answer 67

Carcinoma

Question 68

Which of the following is a mass of disorganized tissue that is similar in appearance to the tissues at the site of growth?

Answer 68

Hemartoma