Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theories of Personality > Chapter 1 - Differential Psychology and The Study of Individual Differences > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Differential Psychology and The Study of Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Differential Psychology (definition)

A

The systematic investigation of individual differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 meanings of Psychology?

A

Psychology as an activity and as a discipline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who said “Psychology has a long past but a short history”

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psyche (definition) - how was it different in the Middle Ages?

A

The mind; the thing that animates us. Middle Ages: what we reason, feel, desire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the narrow and wide meanings of the mind? Which does Psychology’s definition use?

A

Narrow: thinking. intellect.
Wide: all mental phenomena (or all psyche activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does logos mean?

A

something we think or communicate to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Psychology (definition)

A

The study or rational defence of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can we learn about others’ mental attributes?

A

Through observing behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Expanded definition of Psychology based on how we observe it

A

The study of persons in relation to mental attributes through exercised or expressed behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Psychology being a discipline mean?

A

Systematic body of knowledge; focus on creating knowledge; facts, concepts, methods, approaches, descriptions, theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the internal relations of Psychology? Which is Differential Psychology

A

Relations within the field; Orientations (attitudes towards phenomena) and Branches (subfields)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the external relations of Psychology?

A

How the field relates to other fields; biological, behavioral, and human sciences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 competing Orientations in Psychology?

A

Differential and Experimental Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does each of the 2 orientations focus on? What’s in common?

A

Experimental Psychology focuses on the regularities (why does this exist?). Differential Psychology focuses on the differences (why are there differences?). Both look at averages of people or individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 ‘classes’ of Individual Differences?

A

Inter-individual Differences, Intra-individual Differences, and Inter-individual Differences in Intra-individual differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inter-individual Differences (definition)

A

Differences between people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intra-individual Differences (definition)

A

Differences within persons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inter-individual differences in Intra-individual differences (definition)

A

Differences between people about differences within people (example: rates of change in cognitive ability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 types of Intra-individual Differences?

A

Ipsative and Developmental differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ipsative Differences

A

Strengths or Weaknesses of people - person types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Developmental Differences

A

Changes in attributes over time

22
Q

What’s a person type?

A

One or more persons with a particularly salient attribute or collection of attributes

23
Q

What is a branch in Psychology?

A

Content

24
Q

What does Differential Psychology as a branch focus on?

A

Personality (mainly)

25
Q

Personality (definition)

A

an integrated organization of attributes that distinguish persons

26
Q

Personality Sphere

A

The 3 dimensions of personality; 1) Area of knowledge (theories/content), 2) Co-ordinated Concept (personality system with attributes), 3) Super-ordinated concept (idiomatic shorthand for its definition)

27
Q

2 Greek terms our personality consists of

A

Neosis and Orexis

28
Q

Neosis (definition)

A

Our conscious knowing from experience and reason (cognition)

29
Q

Orexis (definition)

A

Conation (desire, motivation, purpose, will) and affection (mental state, mood, emotion)

30
Q

What differentiates conation and affection?

A

Conation is active, Affection is passive

31
Q

How is personality empirical, basic, applied, and individual?

A

experiential, produces knowledge, practical, and unitary among individuals

32
Q

What are the 2 orientations to personality?

A

Attribute-Orientation and Person-Orientation

33
Q

What is the attribute-orientation in personality? What are the assumptions?

A

An approach to personality that focuses on specific attributes or mental phenomena. 2 Assumptions: 1) the attribute exists (not just by name) and 2) persons are interchangeable data carriers

34
Q

What is the person-orientation in personality? What do they claim?

A

An approach to personality that focuses on person or personality types, or a particularly salient attribute or profile of attributes of people. They claim that there are only a small amount of meaningful types of persons and that attributes are only meaningful when they co-occur.

35
Q

What is a current popular mistake when interpreting personality?

A

Attributing attribute-orientation investigations to persons; they don’t give info about persons unless certain criteria are met.

36
Q

What perspective were differences between people seen through in early days?

A

Usually a religious lens (except 7th Century BCE Greece, where they used experiences rather than empirical hypothesis-testing)

37
Q

On what basis did Aristotle explain his thoughts?

A

Based on logic rather than facts (empirically)

38
Q

How did capital P Psychology emerge?

A

Amidst chaos; unscientific theories, vague concepts, etc.

39
Q

Who wrote the first scholarly book to differential psych? When? What did he write about?

A

Juan Huarte de San Juan; 1575; Wrote about attributes and theory of influences on attributes

40
Q

Mental Chronometry (definition)

A

The measuring of the speed of mental processes

41
Q

What does Mental Chronometry have to do with Differential Psychology?

A

Francis Galton and Alfred Binet believed that understanding mental chronometry was impossible without understanding individual differences.

42
Q

What else did Francis Galton do apart from Differential Psych?

A

Coined the term Eugenics (was not his concept)

43
Q

What was the danger of interpreting individual differences with Galton?

A

Differences can be interpreted as inferior

44
Q

What did Alfred Binet develop in Differential Psych?

A

Psychologie Individuelle - a research program in 1895

45
Q

Who officially founded Differential Psychology? When?

A

William Stern; 1900

46
Q

What was the 3 part endeavour of William Stern’s founding of Differential Psychology?

A

To determine the most important mental attributes to understand persons, to understand how the differences manifest in behavior, and to understand what influences the differences

47
Q

What 2 types of attributes did William Stern split individual attributes into?

A

Simple and Complex attributes

48
Q

What is a danger of the scientific approach for Differential Psych?

A

Reducing persons to inanimate objects

49
Q

What was the state of schools of Psychology after WW2?

A

There were different intellectual communities and they mostly focused on arguing about why the ‘other schools’ are wrong

50
Q

What does “Meta” mean?

A

An overarching self-referral; or “pursuing in the midst of”

Theories of Personality (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions