Chapter 1: Facts of Life Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
Is the logic of biological phenomena.
A
Chemistry
2
Q
are self-sustaining systems of chemical reactions.
A
Living organisms
3
Q
Distinctive properties of Living systems
A
- Complicated and highly
organized - Biological structures serve functional purposes
- Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformation
- Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication
4
Q
The most obvious quality of living organisms
A
Complicated and highly
organized
5
Q
cells possess subcellular structures called __
A
Organelles
6
Q
Organalles, which are complex assemblies of very large polymeric molecules are called ___
A
Macromolecules
7
Q
Macromolecules themselves show an exquisite degree of organization in their intricate __
A
three-dimensional architecture
8
Q
The complex three-dimensional structure of a macromolecules, knows as its __
A
conformation
9
Q
biological structures play a role in the organism’s existence, from limbs to organs, down to chemical agents of metabolism.
A
Biological structures serve functional purposes
10
Q
The 5 Biological Structures
A
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic acid
- Lipid
- Small Molecules
11
Q
Mostly sending signals
A
Small molecules
12
Q
Energy source, energy storage structure
A
Carbohydrates
13
Q
Energy storage, insulation cushioning of membrane
A
Lipids
14
Q
Information storage (DNA and RNA)
A
Nucleic acid
15
Q
Most of the structure and function of the living organism; enzymes
A
Protein
16
Q
What are proteins made of?
A
long chain of 20 kinds amino acids
17
Q
What are nucleic acids made of?
A
lond and short chains of nucleic acid bases form DNA, RAN, also ATP and GTP
18
Q
What are lipids made of?
A
Phosphate or other charged head with long hydrocarbon tail
19
Q
what are carbohydrates made of?
A
long and short chains of sugar molecules, like glucose, fructose
20
Q
what are small molecules made of?
A
various molecules such as hormones, vitamins, neurotransmitters, porphyrins
21
Q
Maintenance of the highly organized structure and activity of living systems depends on their ability to extract energy from the environmen
A
Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformations
22
Q
What are the two specialized energized biomolecules?
A
ATP and NADPH
23
Q
What does ATP and NADPH drive?
A
- Biosynthesis
- Movement
- osmotic work against concentration
gradients - light emission
24
Q
is moving to a condition of increasing disorder or, in thermodynamic terms, maximum entropy
A
Inanimate matter
25
What characterizes the living state?
The living state is characterized by the flow of energy through the organism
26
What is the steady-state?
The state of apparent constancy over time. Energy and material are consumed by the organism and used to maintain its stability and order
27
What is entropy?
A thermodynamic term used to designate that amount of energy in a system that is unavailable to do work
28
Generation after generation, organisms reproduce virtually identical copies of themselve
Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication
29
Elements that constitute more than 99% of the atoms in the human body
H,O,C,N
30
H,O,C,N constitute more than __% __ _ __ in the human body
99% of the atoms
31
Most abundant atoms in the earth's crust
(O,S,Al, Fe)
-Oxygen
- Silicon
- Aluminum
- Iron
32
Relatively rare (less than 0.2%)
H, C, N. (Hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen)
33
is the predominant gas in the atmosphere
Dinitrogen (N2)
34
What kinds of molecules are biomolecules?
All biomolecules contain carbon (C).
35
Property unites H, O, C, and N and renders these atoms so suitable to the chemistry of life.
- Ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing.
- Among the lightest elements in the periodic table.
36
Why is carbon so prevalent?
Because of its unparalleled versatility in forming stable covalent bonds through electron-pair sharing.
37
Two properties of carbon covalent bonds.
- Able to form covalent bond
- Tetrahedral nature
38
What is the range in strength for single, double, and triple bonds?
Single: 300-400 kJ/mol
Double: 400-600 kJ/mol
Triple: ~900 kJ/mol
39
are the units for building complex structures
Simple molecules
40
Inorganic precursors
1) Water
2) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3) Ammonium (NH4+)
4) Dinitrogen (N2)
5) Nitrate (NO3-)
(3-5 are inorganic nitrogen compounds)
41
What are the steps/levels for creating cells (biomolecular order)?
Inorganic precursors -> Metabolites -> Building blocks -> Macromolecules -> Supramolecular complexes -> Organelles -> The cell
42
simple organic compounds that are intermediates in cellular energy transformation and in the biosynthesis of various sets of building blocks
Metabolites
43
Give the 5 Building blocks
- amino acids
- sugars
- nucleotides
- fatty acids
- glycerol
44
Metabolites
simple organic compounds that are intermediates in cellular energy transformation and in the biosynthesis of varioussets of building blocks
45
What formed . Through covalent linkage of these building blocks?
the Macromolecules
46
Give the macromolecues form from buildings blocks
- protein
- polysaccharides
- polynucleotides (DNA and RNA)
- lipids
47
formed/ result of interactions of macromolecules via non-covalent interactions
Supramolecular complexes
48
Example of non-covalent interactions to form supramolecular complexes
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic attractions
Van der waals forces
Hydrophobic interactions
49
Arise because water molecules prefer to interact with
each other rather than with nonpolar substances
Hydrophic interactions
50
form between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and a second electronegative atom that serves as the hydrogen bond acceptor
Hydrogen bond
51
-attractive forces between oppositely charged structures
- the electrical charge is radially distributed, so these interactions may lack the directionality of hydrogen bonds or the precise fit of van der Waals interactions
Ionic interactions
52
In Ionic interactions;
The electrical charge is _____ distributed, so these interactions may lack the ______ of hydrogen bonds or the precise fit of van der Waals interactions
-radially
- directionality
53
Ionic interactions may involve
- Ions
- permanent dipoles
- induced dipoles
54
having a permanent separation of positive and negative charge
Permanent dipoles
55
having a temporary separation of positive
and negative charge induced by the environment
Induced dipoles
56
- species possessing discrete
charges
Ions
57
result from the strong tendency of water to exclude nonpolar groups or molecules
hydrophic interactions
58
- result from the induced electrical interactions between closely approaching atoms or molecules
- negatively charged electron clouds that fluctuate instantaneously in time are attracted to positively charged nuclei and the electrons of nearby atoms
Van der Waals forces
59
Unit of life, the smallest entity.
The cell
60
Maintenance of Living state
- Some biomolecules must have the capacity to contain the information, or “recipe,” of life.
- Other biomolecules must have the capacity to translate this information so that the organized structures essential to life are synthesized
- An orderly mechanism for abstracting energy from the environment must also exist in order to obtain the energy needed to drive these processes
61
What properties of biomolecules endow them with the potential for such remarkable qualities?
Biological macromolecules and their building blocks have a “sense” or directionality
62
Has the potential to contain information if the diversity and order of the units are not overly simple or repetitive.
Biological Macromolecules Are Informational
63
intermolecular attractions between atoms
Weak chemical forces or noncovalent bonds
64
the ordered reaction
pathways by which cellular chemistry
proceeds and biological energy
transformations are accomplished.
Metabolic pathways / Cellular Metabolism
65
Properties of Biomolecules
- Biomolecules and its building blocks have a "sense" of directionality
- informational
- have characteristic 3D architecture
- weak forces determine and maintain their structure and interactrion
66
are found only in eukaryotic cells, that is, the cells of “higher” organisms
Organelles
67
: the repository of genetic information as contained within the linear sequences of nucleotides in the DNA of chromosomes
Nucleus
68
are the “power plants” of cells by virtue of their ability to carry out the energy-releasing aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids, capturing the energy in metabolically useful forms such as ATP
Mitochondria
69
endow cells with the ability to carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
70
Membranes resemble supramolecular complexes in their construction because they are complexes of proteins and lipids maintained by ___ ___
noncovalent forces
71
define the boundaries of cells and organelles
Membranes
72
The loss of structural order in these complex macromolecules
Denaturation
73
an ion or molecule which donates a pair of electrons to the central metal atom or ion to form a coordination complex
ligands
74
accelerate the reaction rates many orders of magnitude and, by selecting the substances undergoing reaction, determine the specific reaction that
takes place
Enzymes
75
Thousands of reactions mediated by an equal number of enzymes are occurring at any given instant within the cell.
Metabolic Regulation Is Achieved by Controlling the Activity of Enzymes
76
Viruses infecting bacteria are called
bacteriophages
77
Mature virus particles arise by encapsulating the nucleic acid within a protein coat called
Capsid
78
viruses cause disintegration of the cells that they have infected
Cell lysis
79
