Chapter 8: Metabolism Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
all chemical reactions that take place in cells to break down or build molecules
A
Metabolism
2
Q
is a series of linked reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
A
Metabolic Pathway
3
Q
types of metabolism
A
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
4
Q
that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules
A
Catabolic Reactions
5
Q
use ATP energy to build larger molecules
A
Anabolic reactions
6
Q
Stages of Metabolism
A
Stage 1: Digestion and Hydrolysis
Step 2: Degradation
Step 3: Oxidation
7
Q
____ __ ____break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream
A
Stage 1: Digestion and Hydrolysis
8
Q
______ breaks down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds
A
Stage 2: Degradation
9
Q
_____ oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and electron transport provide ATP energy (electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2)
A
Stage 3: Oxidation
10
Q
Is the energy form stored in cells.
A
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
11
Q
ATP requires…..
A
7.3 kcal/mol (or 31 kJ/mol) to convert ADP + Pi to ATP.
12
Q
What does ATP consists of?
A
- adenine (nitrogen base),
- a ribose sugar
- Three phosphate groups
13
Q
The hydrolysis of ATP to ___ releases __ ____ (31 kJ)/mole.
A
- ADP
- 7.3 kcal
14
Q
The hydrolysis of ADP to ___ releases 7.3 kcal (___ ___)/mole.
A
- AMP
- 31 kJ)/mole.
15
Q
- Used in anabolic reactions
- The energy-storage molecule.
- Coupled with energy-requiring reactions
A
ATP
16
Q
Hydrolysis products
A
ADP + Pi
17
Q
often associated with the loss of H atoms
A
Oxidation
18
Q
is associated with the gain of H atoms
A
Reduction
19
Q
3 coenzyme in metabolism
A
- NAD+
- FAD
- Coenzyme A
20
Q
Abbreviation of NAD+
A
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
21
Q
Participates in reactions that produce a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O)
A
NAD+
22
Q
NAD+ is reduced when an oxidation provides…
A
2H+ and 2e-
23
Q
Contents of NAD+
A
- ADP
- Ribose
- nicotinamide
24
Q
Participates in reactions that produce a carbon carbon double bond (C=C).
A
FAD
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Abbreviation for FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
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FAD is reduced to...
FADH2
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contents of FAD
- ADP
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
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WHat does Coenzyme A consists?
- pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
- phosphorylated
ADP
- aminoethanethiol
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Used to transfer acetyl groups.
Coenzyme A
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WHere does Stage 1, Digestion of Carbohydrates begin?
In the mouth
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Stage 1, Begins in the mouth where ____ ____ breaks down polysaccharides to ____ _____ (dextrins), ____, and some ____.
- salivary amylase
- smaller polysaccharides
- maltose
- Glucose
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Stage 1 Continues in the ___ ____ where ____ ____ hydrolyzes ____ to maltose and glucose.
- small intestine
- pancreatic amylase
- dextrins
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Stage 1. Hydrolyzes ____, ____, and ____ to monosaccharides, mostly glucose, which enter the ______ for transport to the cells
- maltose, lactose, and sucrose
- bloodstream
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Stage 2: ______
Glycolysis
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Stage 2:Glycolysis Is a metabolic pathway that uses ____, a digestion product.
glucose
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what does Glycolysis breaks down/degrade?
glucose (6C) molecules to pyruvate (3C) molecules
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Glycolysis is an _____ process
anaerobic
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Pyruvate products in Aerobic conditions in humans, animals and microorganisms
Acetyl CoA
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Pyruvate products in Anaerobic conditions in humans, animals and microorganisms
Lactate
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Pyruvate products in Anaerobic conditions in some microoganisms
Ethanol
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Where does pyruvate anaerobic conditions occurs?
In the mitochondria
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Under aerobic conditions (oxygen present),
▪ Three-carbon pyruvate is ________
decarboxylated
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Under anaerobic conditions (without oxygen),
▪ Pyruvate is
reduced to lactate
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Lactate in muscle
During strenuous exercise,
▪ Oxygen in the muscles is depleted.
▪ Anaerobic conditions are produced.
▪ Lactate accumulates.
▪ Muscles tire and become painful.
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Occurs in anaerobic microorganisms such as yeast
Fermentation
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Fermentation
▪ Regenerates ____
to continue glycolysis.
NAD+
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The first step in conversion of pyruvate to ethanol is a ______ reaction to produce _____.
- decarboxylation
- acetaldehyde
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Substances that remove or add H atoms in oxidation and reduction reactions
Coenzymes
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Stage 3 in digestion of carbohydrates
Citric acid cyle
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Operates under aerobic conditions only.
CItric acid cycle
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Oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl
CoA to 2CO2
Citric acid cycle
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Are oxidized and reduced as hydrogen and/or electrons are transferred from one carrier to the next.
Electron carriers
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Examples of electron carriers
- FMN
- Fe-S clusters
- Coenzyme Q
- cytochromes.
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electron carrier AH2
reduced
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electron carrier A
oxidized
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electron carrier B
oxidized
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electron carrier BH2
reduced
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Accept hydrogen and electrons from the reduced coenzymes
Electron carriers
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abrreviation of FMN
Flavin mononucleotide
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Accepts 2H+ + 2e- to form reduced coenzyme FMNH2.
FMN Coenzyme
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FMN Coenzyme Accepts 2H+ + ___ to form reduced coenzyme _____.
- 2e-
- FMNH2.
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Contains flavin, ribitol,and phosphate.
FMN coenzyme
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what does FMN coenzyme contains?
- Flavin
- Ribitol
- Phosphate
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Are groups of proteins containing iron ions and sulfide.
Fe-S clusters
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Fe-S clusters accept electrons to reduce Fe3+ to ___.
- Fe2+
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Fe-S clusters lose electrons to re-oxidize Fe2+ to ___.
Fe3+
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A mobile electron carrier derived from quinone
Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ)
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CoQ, is reduced when the ___ ____ accept 2H+ and 2e-.
- keto groups
- 2e
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Reduced form of Coenzyme Q.
CoQH2 or QH2
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▪ Proteins containing
heme groups with
iron ions
Cytochromes
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Uses electron carriers.
Electron transport
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Electron transport transfers ____ ions and electrons from ____
and ____ until they combine with oxygen
- hydrogen
- NADH
- FADH2
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ATP energy from glucose. The complete oxidation of glucose yields...
6 CO2
2 H2O
32 ATP
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ATP from two pyruvate under aerobic conditions
▪ 2 pyruvate are oxidized to 2 acetyl CoA and 2 NADH.
▪ 2 NADH enter electron transport to provide 5 ATP.
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break fat globules into smaller particles called micelles in the small intestine.
Bile salts
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hydrolyze ester bonds to form monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, which recombine in the intestinal lining
Pancreatic lipases
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transport the triacylglycerols to the cells of the heart, muscle, and adipose tissues
Chylomicrons
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Breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue.
- Forms fatty acids and glycerol.
Fat Mobilization
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Beta-oxidation of fatty acids reactions
Reaction 1: Dehydrogenation
Reaction 2: Hydration
Reaction 3: Oxidation
Reaction 4: Cleavage
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used peripherally as an energy source when glucose is not readily available
Ketone bodies
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Where are ketone bodies produced?
mostly in the liver
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Where are ketone bodies transported?
Cells in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle
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a metabolic pathway that produces ketone bodies
Ketogenesis
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occurs in diabetes, diets high in fat, and starvation
Ketosis
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acetoacetate produces acetone
decarboxylation
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acetoacetate produces β- hydroxybutyrate
Reduction
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Where does digestion of proteins (stage 1) begins?
In the stomach
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Begins in the stomach where HCl in stomach acid activates pepsin to hydrolyze ____ ___
- pepsin
- peptide bond
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Digestion of proteins, continues in the ____ ____ where _____ and
_____hydrolyze peptides to amino acids
- small intestine
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
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Digestion of protein is _____ as amino acid enter the _____ for transport to cell
- complete
- bloodstream
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In ATP Synthase
Protons _____ _____ to
the _____ through a channel in the __ ____
- flow back
- matrix
- F0complex
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In ATP synthase
- Proton flow provides the energy that drives____ _____ by the ___ _____.
- ATP synthesis
- F1 complex
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F1 complex of ATP synthase: Center subunit (y)
surrounded by three protein subunit:
- loose (L)
- tight (T)
- open (O)
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F1 complex of ATP synthase: energy flow
Energy from the proton flow through F0 turns the center subunit (y)
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During ATP synthesis: ADP
ADP and Pi enter the loose L site
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During ATP synthesis: Center subunit
The center subunit turns changing L site to a tight T conformation
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During ATP synthesis
ATP is formed in the T site where it remains
strongly bound.
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During ATP synthesis: After ATP
The center subunit turns changing the T site to an open O site, which releases the ATP
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Contains subunits for ATP synthesis.
F1 Complex
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Contains the channel for proton flow.
F0 complex
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he subunit in F1 that binds ADP and Pi.
L site
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The subunit in F1 that releases ATP
O site
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The subunit in F1 where ATP forms.
T site
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ATP energy from glucose: complete oxidation of glucose
▪ 6 CO2
▪ 6 H2O
▪ 32 ATP
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Aerobic conditions: Complete oxidation of glucose
32 ATP
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Aerobic conditions: FADH2
1.5 ATP
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Aerobic conditions: Acetyl CoA in citric acid cycle
10 ATP
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Aerobic conditions: NADH
2.5 ATP
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Aerobic conditions: Pyruvate decarboxylation
2.5 ATP
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- Amino acids are degraded in the liver
- The reaction is catalyzed by a transaminase or
aminotransferase.
Transamination
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▪ Removes the amino group as an ammonium ion from glutamate.
▪ Provides a-ketoglutarate for transamination.
Oxidative deamination
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▪ Detoxifies ammonium ion from amino acid degradation
Urea Cycle
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- Large amounts of acetyl CoA accumulate
- Two acetyl CoA molecules combine to form acetoacetyl CoA
ketogenesis
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where does ketosis occurs?
In diabetes, diets high
in fat, and starvation
