Chapter 1 - Humans and the Microbial World

Question 1

What are three benefits of microorganisms?

Answer 1

1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Oxygen Production
3. Degradation of Materials

Question 2

How are microorganisms used in food production?

Answer 2

Yeast used in bread (2100 B.C.)
Fermentation of grains to make beer (1500 B.C.)
Fermentation of Milk (yogurt, cheese, buttermilk)

Question 3

What is Biodegradation

Answer 3

The use of microorganisms to break down dangerous chemicals
ex: PCBs, DDT, trichloroethylene
oil spills

Question 4

What is Bioremediation?

Answer 4

Using microorganisms to hasten decay of pollutants

Question 5

What is Biotechnology?

Answer 5

Use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problems

Question 6

What is Genetic Engineering?

Answer 6

Introduction of genes into another organism

ex: disease resistant plants, production of medications (insulin)

Question 7

In what years were most pathogenic bacteria identified?

Answer 7

1875-1918

Question 8

True or False. All surfaces of the human body are populated by microorganisms?

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What are Beneficial microbes?

Answer 9

• normal microbiota or normal flora
• prevent diseases by competing with pathogens
• development of immune system response
• aid in digestion

Question 10

What do Pathogens do?

Answer 10

They damage body tissues and cause disease symptoms

-Cause infections

Question 11

What are the three domains that all living things can be categorized into?

Answer 11

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya

Question 12

Which domain(s) are Prokaryotic Cells?

Answer 12

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 13

Which domain(s) are Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 13

Eucarya

Question 14

Are viruses, viroids, are prions part of the domains? Why?

Answer 14

No, because they aren’t living and viroids and prions aren’t cells

Question 15

Do Bacteria have nuclei?

Answer 15

No, they are prokaryotes and prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound nuclei

Question 16

Where is the DNA in a bacterium?

Answer 16

In a Nucleoid

Question 17

What is the cell wall of Bacteria made of?

Answer 17

peptidoglycan, which is unique to bacteria

Question 18

How do bacteria cells multiply?

Answer 18

Binary fission

Question 19

What facilitates the movement in bacteria?

Answer 19

flagella

Question 20

Are Archaea Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

Answer 20

Prokaryotic

Question 21

What is a difference between Archaea and bacteria?

Answer 21

Archaea lack peptidoglycan in the cell walls and the ribosomal RNA sequences are different
S-layers – sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits

Question 22

What is the term used to describe Archaea that survive in high salt concentration and temperature?

Answer 22

Extremophiles

Question 23

What is the main differentiation between Eucarya and the other two domains?

Answer 23

They contain a true membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles

Question 24

What microbial members are there of the domain Eucarya?

Answer 24

fungi, algae, protozoa

Question 25

What are protists?

Answer 25

algae and protozoa

Question 26

What is the accepted nomenclature for the naming of organisms?

Answer 26

The Genus capitalized and the species name (not capitalized) - Genus and species always italicized or underlined (separate words and separate underlines) ex: Escherichia coli or E. coli

Question 27

What are Viruses?

Answer 27

Nucleic acid packaged in protein coat

Question 28

What did Robert Hooke observe?

Answer 28

He observed cells and reported that living cells are composed of little boxes, or cells

Question 29

What is the Cell Theory?

Answer 29

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells