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Microbiology > Chapter 6 - Principles of Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Principles of Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

A process that harvests energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose, using it to synthesize ATP

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2
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

A process that utilizes energy stored in ATP to synthesize and assemble the subunits of macromolecules that make up the cell; Biosynthesis

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3
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy

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4
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that consumes energy

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5
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

a

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6
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

a

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7
Q

What is a dehydrogenation reaction?

A

a

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8
Q

What is a hydrogenation reaction?

A

a

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9
Q

Describe Substrate-level phosphorylation.

A

a

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10
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation.

A

a

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11
Q

Describe photophosphorylation.

A

a

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12
Q

What are enzymes and how are they named?

A

They are biological catalysts that has a name that reflects its function and ends in -ase

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13
Q

What is an active site?

A

The place where a substrate binds on an enzyme

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14
Q

Are enzymes highly specific?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Is an enzyme used up in the catalytic process?

A

no

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16
Q

What happens when a substrate binds to an active site?

A

The enzyme changes shape slightly

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17
Q

What is the term for the role of enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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18
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up conversion of substrate into product by lowering activation energy

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19
Q

What do cofactors do?

A

Assist different enzymes

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20
Q

What are some examples of cofactors?

A

magnesium, zinc, copper, other trace elements

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21
Q

What is an example of coenzymes?

A

FAD, NAD+, NADP+, many are vitamin derived

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22
Q

What factors influence enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, salt concentration

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23
Q

How much of an increase in speed of enzymatic reactions is seen in an increase of 10˚C?

A

It doubles the speed

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24
Q

What happens to proteins at high temperatures?

A

They are denatured

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25
True or False? Low salt and neutral pH are usually optimal.
True
26
What does a competitive inhibitor do?
It binds to the active site and blocks the substrate
27
What is a characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?
They have chemical structures close to that of the substrate
28
What do non-competitive inhibitors do?
Bind to sites other than the active site and alter shape or function
29
What is an allosteric inhibitor?
one thats action is reversible, usually seen at enzyme a, the first, and allows feedback inhibition
30
What is a poison of non-competitive inhibition?
mercury, cystine, and the enzyme changes shape and becomes nonfunctional
31
What are possible energy sources for prokaryotes?
Sunlight, organic compounds (glucose, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids), and Inorganic compounds (H2S, NH3)
32
How is energy harvested from chemicals through respiration and fermentation?
Through removing electrons from series of oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions
33
What is reducing power?
electrons easily transfer to molecules, raising energy of recipient molecule
34
What are some Electron carriers?
NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2
35
What is the difference between NADH and FADH2 and NADPH
NADH and FADH2 are used to drive proton motive force for ATP synthesis and NADPH is used in biosynthesis
36
How is energy provided inSubstrate-level phosphorylation?
exergonic reactions provide energy
37
What is Oxidative phosphorylation?
Proton motive force from ETC
38
What is Photophosphorylation?
sunlight used to create proton motive force
39
What are precursor metabolites?
intermediates of catabolism that can be used in anabolism
40
What is the formula for Aerobic Respiration of Glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
41
What steps are taken in aerobic respiration of glucose?
1. Glycolysis/Pentose phosphate pathway 2. a) Transition Step b) Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)/Krebs cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (O2 terminal e- acceptor)
42
True or False? Glycolysis only takes place aerobically.
False, it takes place anaerobically and aerobically
43
What does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP, 2 Reducing agents (2NADH + 2H+), and 6 precursor metabolites (5 intermediates of glycolysis as well as pyruvate, used by E. coli)
44
Where does the transition step take place?
the cytoplasm of bacteria
45
What are the end products of the transition step?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH
46
What does the TCA cycle complete?
the oxidation of glucose
47
What does the TCA cycle produce?
4 CO2, 2 ATP (substrate level), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and precursor metabolites
48
Who proposed the process of the Electron Transport Chain?
Peter Mitchell
49
What is the theory called today?
The chemiosmotic theory
50
What is the electron transport chain?
membrane-embedded electron carriers
51
Where does the ETC take place in prokaryotes?
The cytoplasmic membrane
52
Where does the ETC take place in eukaryotes?
The mitochondrial membrane
53
What is a characteristic of ubiquinone?
It can move freely in the membrane
54
What are the components of the ETC and their functions?
Quinones - lipid soluble molecules that move freely and transfer electrons between complexes Cytochromes - contain heme, molecule with iron at center and there are several types Flavoproteins - proteins to which a flavin is attached, FAD, other flavins synthesized from riboflavin
55
How many protons are needed to form one ATP?
3
56
How many ATP are made from each electron pair from NADH?
3
57
How many ATP are made from each electron pair from FADH2?
2
58
``` Fill in the blanks: Glycolysis: __NADH-->__ATP Transition Step: __NADH-->__ATP TCA cycle: __NADH-->__ATP __FADH2-->__ATP Total yield form oxidative phosphorylation: __ATP ```
``` 2, 6 2, 6 6, 18 2, 4 34 ```
59
``` Fill in the blanks for Substrate Level Phosphorylation: __ATP from glycolysis; net gain __ATP from TCA cycle ----------------------------------- __ATP total ```
2 2 4
60
What changes in anaerobic respiration?
inorganic compounds are used as final electron acceptors
61
What can serve as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?
NO3, SO4, CO3 and produce N2, H2S
62
How many ATP are produced by anaerobic respiration?
Average of 32-34 ATP
63
Fill in the blanks: | Anaerobic respiration harvests ____ energy from glucose than aerobic respiration but ____ energy than fermentation.
Less, More
64
Describe the catabolism of polysaccharides and disaccharides.
Amylases digest starch and cullulases digest cellulose
65
Describe the catabolism of lipids.
They are hydrolyzed by lipases, and glycerol is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which enters glycolysis Fatty acids are degraded by B-oxidation to enter TCA cycle
66
Describe the catabolism of Proetins.
Hydrolyzed by proteases and the amino group is deaminated | converted into precursor molecules
67
What are Chemolithotrophs?
prokaryotes that can use reduced inorganic compounds as sources of energy (H2S, NH3)
68
What are the 4 groups of chemolithotrophs?
1. Hydrogen Bacteria 2. Sulfur bacteria 3. Iron bacteria 4. Nitrifying bacteria
69
When does fermentation happen?
when respiration is not an option
70
What is special about E. coli?
it can undergo aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
71
What is special about Streptococcus pneumoniae?
It lacks an electron transport chain
72
What pathways can pyruvate go into in fermentation?
Lactic acid, ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid, mixed acids, and 2,3-butanediol
73
What are end products of Lactic acid ? | What organisms use this?
lactic acid | streptococcus and lactobacillus
74
What are end products of Ethanol ? | What organisms use this?
ethanol, CO2 | saccharomyces
75
What are end products of Butyric acid ? | What organisms use this?
butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropanol, CO2, H2 | clostridium
76
What are end products of Propionic acid ? | What organisms use this?
propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2 | propionibacterium
77
What are end products of Mixed acids ? | What organisms use this?
acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, ethanol, CO2, H2 | E. coli
78
What are end products of 2,3-Butanediol ? | What organisms use this?
CO2, H2 | Enterobacteriacea

Microbiology (9 decks)

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