Chapter 3 - Microscopy and Cell Structure

Question 1

What does the term coccus/cocci mean?

Answer 1

A spherical cell shape

Question 2

What is a rod shaped cell called?

Answer 2

bacillus/bacilli

Question 3

What is a Vibrio cell shape?

Answer 3

Comma

Question 4

What is a spirillium shape?

Answer 4

a squiggly shaped cell

Question 5

What is a spirochete shape?

Answer 5

a corkscrew shape

Question 6

What is the term for a cell that stays the same shape it’s entire life?

Answer 6

Monomorphic

Question 7

What does the term Pleomorphic mean?

Answer 7

A cell can change shape over it’s lifetime

Question 8

What is a 2 long chain of cells called?

Answer 8

Diplo-

Question 9

What is a 3 or longer chain of cells called?

Answer 9

Strepto-

Question 10

Which cell shapes can form chains?

Answer 10

Cocci or bacilli

Question 11

What is a packet of cells of 4 called?

Answer 11

Tetrads

Question 12

What is a packet of 8 cells called?

Answer 12

Sarcinae

Question 13

What is a cluster of 9+ cells called?

Answer 13

Staphylo-

Question 14

Which cell shape(s) can be in packets or clusters?

Answer 14

Cocci

Question 15

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 15

To maintain shape and prevent cell lysis

Question 16

What are the two main types of bacteria?

Answer 16

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

Question 17

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

Answer 17

peptidoglycan (found only in bacteria)

Question 18

What are the two sugar polymers that make up the peptidoglycan?

Answer 18

NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) and NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)

Question 19

What is the string of 4 amino acids called that holds together the glycan chains?

Answer 19

Tetrapeptide chain

Question 20

What holds the tetrapeptide chains together?

Answer 20

peptide bridges or crosslinks

Question 21

What two characteristics do Gram-positive cell walls have?

Answer 21

Thick peptidoglycan layers and teichoic acids

Question 22

What two characters do Gram-negative cell walls have?

Answer 22

Thin peptidoglycan layers and unique outer membranes

Question 23

Is the outer membrane part of the gram-negative cell wall? yes or no.

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What makes up the outer membrane?

Answer 24

A bilayer of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that includes Lipid A (immune system recognizes) and O polysaccharide (used to identify species or strains)

Question 25

Why is the outer membrane important to the medical field?

Answer 25

It signals the immune system of the invasion of Gram-negative bacteria

Question 26

What do different levels of LPS do to the immune system?

Answer 26

Small levels elicit appropriate immune system responses to eliminate the bacteria and Large amounts lead to a deadly response

Question 27

What is LPS (lipid A) called?

Answer 27

An Endotoxin

Question 28

What is an Endotoxin?

Answer 28

A bacterial toxin

Question 29

True or False? Many antibiotics can easily enter the outer membrane.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What are the passageways through the outer membrane called where small molecules can move through?

Answer 30

porins

Question 31

What is the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane called?

Answer 31

periplasmic space

Question 32

What color does a Gram-Positive bacterial cell stain?

Answer 32

Purple

Question 33

What color does a Gram-Negative bacterial cell stain?

Answer 33

Pink

Question 34

How does penicillin interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis?

Answer 34

It prevents the cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains

Question 35

What does the enzyme Lysozyme do?

Answer 35

It breaks bonds linking glycan chains. | Found in tears, saliva, and other bodily fluids