chapter 1 Intro Flashcards
1
Q
____ is the study of structure
____ is the study of function
A
Anatomy
Physiology
2
Q
2 categories of anatomy
A
microscopic and gross
3
Q
\_\_\_\_:Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye Includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
____: Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
A
microscopic anatomy
gross anatomy
4
Q
Subdisciplines of Gross anatomy?
A
- comparative
- developmental
- embryology
- regional
- surface
- systemic
5
Q
- _____ anatomy: Similarities and differences across species
- _____ anatomy
Structural changes from conception through maturity - ____: Developmental changes occurring prior to birth
A
- comparative
- developmental
- embryology
6
Q
- ____ anatomy
Studies all structures within a single region
e.g., muscles, nerves, blood vessels, etc. of neck
2.______ anatomy
Studies superficial and internal structures as they relate to their location on the body surface
3.____ anatomy
Studies structures involved with a specific activity
e.g., digestion
A
- regional
- surface
- systemic
7
Q
structural organization of the body
A
atoms molecules cells tissues organs systems organisms
8
Q
characteristics of living organisms:
A
- organization (structural order)
- metabolism (chemical reactions)
- growth and development (increased size)
- responsiveness (sensation and reaction)
- adaptation (alteration to increase reproductive success)
- regulation (maintaining homeostasis)
- reproduction (cell and organism levels)
9
Q
how many organ systems are in the body?
A
11
10
Q
skeletal system
provides what? stores what? and?
A
provides support and protection
is the site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
stores calcium and phosphorous
provides sites for muscle attachment
11
Q
integumentary System
provides? does what?
A
provides protection regulates body temp synthesizes vit D prevents water loss site of cutaneous receptors
12
Q
muscular system
A
body movement
generates heat when muscles contract
13
Q
Endocrine System
A
consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones (some of these regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels, and reproductive systems)
14
Q
Nervous System
what kind of system?
A
Regulatory system
- controls body movement
- responds to sensory stimuli
- helps control all other systems
- responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory
15
Q
cardiovascular system
consists of?
A
heart, blood and blood vessels
16
Q
Cardiovascular cont’d
the heart moves blood through the blood vessels to distribute _______
A
hormones, nutrients, and gases
and they pick up waste products
17
Q
Respiratory System
A
responsible for exchange of gases(O2 and CO2) between blood and the air in the lungs
18
Q
Lymphatic System
A
transports and filters lymph and initiates an immune response
19
Q
Digestive
A
mechanically and chemically digests food
absorbs nutrients
expels waste
20
Q
Male Reproductive
A
produces male sex cells
and hormones
transfers sperm to the female
21
Q
Female Reproductive
A
Produces female sex cells and hormones
receives sperm form male
site of fertilization, growth and development of embryo and fetus
produces and secretes breast milk.
22
Q
Urinary System
A
filter the blood and removes waste from it
concentrates the waste in the form of urine
expels urine from the body
23
Q
List the 11 systems
A
skeletal muscle integumentary nervous endocrine lymphatic cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary male repro female repro
24
Q
Describe anatomic position
A
- standing upright
- feet parallel on floor
- head level and looking ahead
- arms at side with palms facing forward
25
sections and planes?
| List all four
coronal
transverse
midsgittal
oblique
26
Coronal section divides body into?
into front and back parts (ant/post)
27
Transverse section divides body how?
into upper and lower parts
| sup/inf
28
Midsagittal divides body how?
into equal left and right halves. Other sagittal planes still do left and right halves but not perfectly even
29
oblique cuts how?
passes through at an angle
30
Anatomic directions
anterior and posterior?
front and back
also: ventral and dorsal
31
Anatomic directions
superior and inferior?
towards head, towards feet
32
Anatomic directions
cranial, rostral and caudal
cranial - towards head
rostral- towards nose
caudal- towards tail
33
Anatomic directions
medial and lateral
medial - towards midline
| lateral - away from midline
34
Anatomic directions
ipsilateral and contralateral
ipsi - same side
| contra - opposite side
35
Anatomic directions
deep and superficial
deep - internal
| superficial - external
36
Anatomic directions
proximal and distal
proximal - close to trunk
think proximity
distal - far from trunk
think distance
37
two main body regions?
axial and appendicular
38
axial: ____
appendicular: _____
axial: head, neck and trunk
appendicular: upper and lower limbs (UE and LE)
39
Body Regions terminology
```
Nose
mouth
cheek
chin
eyes
forehead
head
ear
skull
back of the head
```
```
nose - nasal
mouth - oral
cheek - buccal
chin - mental (mentalis)
eyes - orbital
forehead - frontal (like frontal lobe of brain)
head - cephalic
ear- auricular
skull - cranial
back of head - occipital (like brain lobe)
```
40
Body Regions terminology
```
neck
shoulder
armpit
arm
front of elbow
elbow
forearm
lateral aspect of forearm (thumb side)
medial aspect of forearm (pinky side)
wrist
hand
palm
finger
thumb
```
```
neck - cervical (think cervical portion of spine)
shoulder - deltoid
armpit -axillary
arm - brachial
front of elbow - antecubital
elbow - olecranal
forearm - antebrachial
lat aspect of forearm - radial
med aspect of forearm-ulnar
wrist - carpal (like carpal tunnel)
hand - manus
palm - palmar
finger - digital or phalangeal
thumb - pollex
```
41
Body Regions terminology
```
sternum
chest
breast
abdomen
navel
pelvis
groin
pubic area
```
```
sternum - sternal
chest - pectoral (pec muscles)
breast - mammary (mammary glands)
abdomen- abdominal
navel -umbilical
pelvis - pelvic
groin - inguinal
pubic - pubic
```
42
Body Regions terminology
```
back
top part of back
shoulder blade
spinal column
low back
back just below the "low back"
buttock
anus
```
```
back - dorsal
top part of back - thoracic (t1-t12)
shoulder blade - scapular (scapula)
spinal column - vertebral
low back - lumbar
low low back - sacral
buttock - gluteal
anus - perineal
```
43
Body Regions terminology
```
hip
thigh
kneecap
back of knee
leg
calf
lateral aspect of leg
medial aspect of leg
foot
ankle
toe
heel of foot
great toe
```
```
hip - coxal
thigh - femoral
kneecap - patellar (like patella tendon)
back of knee - popiteal
leg - crural
calf-sural
lat aspect of leg-fibular
med aspect of leg - tibial (tib/fib)
foot- pes
ankle - tarsal
toe - digital
heel of foot - calcaneal
great tow - hallux
```
44
body cavities
| 2 main
posterior
| ventral
45
posterior cavity
two parts
```
cranial cavity (skull bones)
vertebral canal (vertebral column)
```
46
Ventral cavity
2 cavities?
thoracic and abdominopelvic
47
thoracic and abdominopelvic are separated by?
diaphragm
48
abdominopelvic has 2 cavities
abdominal
| pelvic
49
posterior aspect cavities and description
cranial - houses the brain
vertebral canal- contains the spinal cord
50
ventral cavities and descriptions
thoracic - chest cavity . superior to diaphragm
abdominopelvic
51
three parts of thoracic cavity
mediastinum
pericardial
pleural
52
mediastinum
contains pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels
53
pericardial
contains the heart
54
pleural
contains the lungs
55
abdominal cavity description
below diaphragm and above pelvic brim of hip bones. associated with abdominal viscera - stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, ureters
56
Pelvic cavity description
inferior to pelvic brim of hip bones. associated with pelvic viscera - urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine.
57
Cavity Membranes
ventral cavities are lined by ___
serous membrane
58
Ventral Cavities are divided into 2 continuous parts/layers:
parietal layer (lines internal surface of body wall)
visceral layer (covers external surface of specific organs)
59
between ventral layers is a ___ ___ with __ ___
serous cavity with serous fluid (reduces friction between moving organs)
60
Membranes of thoracic cavity
pericardium: ___ ___ around the heart
serous membrane
61
Membranes of thoracic cavity
Pleura: serous membrane around the ___
lungs
62
Membranes of abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
parietal peritoneum:
peritoneal cavity:
visceral cavity:
parietal - lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal - potential space with serous fluid
visceral - covers surface of most digestive organs
63
abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
4 quadrants
RUQ, RLQ
| LUQ, LLQ
64
abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
9 Regions
R hypochondriac
epigastric region
L hypochondriac
R lumbar
umbillical
L lumbar
R iliac
Hypogastric
L iliac
