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Human Anatomy > Chapter 5 Integumet > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumet Flashcards

1
Q

what is integument?

A

skin = cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

integument is the body’s largest ___

A

organ

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3
Q

integument has two layers

A

Epidermis: Superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis: Deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues

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4
Q

Subcutaneous layer

Not ….

lies under _____

composed of ___ & ____ tissue

A

Subcutaneous layer

Not part of skin

lies under dermis

composed of areolar and adipose tissue

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5
Q

Integument functions

A 
protection
prevention of water loss and gain
temp regulation
metabolic regulation
immune defense
sensory reception
secretion
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6
Q

Protection function of inegument

Provides _____ protecting against _____
Protection from _____
Some ______ (selective permeability)

A

Protection
Provides physical barrier protecting against trauma
Protection from solar radiation
Some chemical absorption (selective permeability)

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7
Q

integument function of prevention of water loss/gain

skin is…
Skin is not ____ transepidermal water loss

A

Skin is water resistant

Skin is not waterproof: transepidermal water loss

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8
Q

integument function of temp regulation

____ of vessels
increased ___ & ___
____ of vessels in cold

A

Dilation of vessels,

increased sweating in warmth

Constriction of vessels in cold

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9
Q

integument function of metabolic regulation

_____is produced by some skin cells

A

Vitamin D is produced by some skin cells

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10
Q

Integument function of immune defense

_______cells help initiate immune responses

A

Epidermal dendritic cells help initiate immune responses

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11
Q

Integument function of sensory reception

Many _____ help detect changes in ___and ____

A

Many skin receptors help detect changes in temperature, touch

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12
Q

Integument function of secretion

____, ____ of hair and skin with sebum

A

Sweating, lubrication of hair and skin with sebum

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13
Q

epidermis

4 things about it

A

Epithelium of the skin

Avascular

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Composed of several layers (strata)

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14
Q 
Thick skin contains \_\_\_\_ layers in epidermis 
includes the..
1. Found in ...
2.Epidermis is \_\_\_\_ mm thick
3.No \_\_\_ or\_\_\_\_
A

Thick skin contains five layers in epidermis (includes stratum lucidum)

striatum lucidum

Found in palms of hands and soles of feet

Epidermis is 0.4-0.6 mm thick

No hair follicles or sebaceous glands

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15
Q

Thin skin lacks ____ – has ____ layers in epidermis

Covers…

Epidermis is _____ mm thick

A

Thin skin lacks stratum lucidum – has four layers in epidermis

Covers most of body

Epidermis is 0.075-0.150 mm thick

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16
Q

epidermal strata

From superficial to deep:

1. 
2.
3. 
4.
5.
A

From superficial to deep:

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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17
Q

stratum basale

____ layer of cells, lots of ___
Cells are adjacent to the ____

A

Single layer of cells, lots of mitosis

Cells are adjacent to the dermis

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18
Q

stratum basale

Cell types include:

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Tactile cells

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19
Q

Keratinocytes: Most ___; produce____ - protects and makes skin ____

Melanocytes: Produce pigment ___ - absorbs ___t to prevent ___
—Cytoplasmic processes transfer ___to other skin cells

Tactile cells: Sensitive to __

A

Keratinocytes: Most abundant; produce tough keratin - protects and makes skin water resistant

Melanocytes: Produce pigment melanin - absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage
–Cytoplasmic processes transfer melanin to other skin cells

Tactile cells: Sensitive to touch

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20
Q

stratum spinosum

Several ______

Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into …

Contains some ____ cells

  • –Immune cells that help…
  • –____ that initiate an immune response
A

Several cells thick

Daughter cells from stratum basale differentiate into nondividing, specialized keratinocytes

Contains some epidermal dendritic cells

  • -Immune cells that help fight infection
  • -Phagocytes that initiate an immune response
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21
Q

stratum granulosum

Three to five layers of ___

  1. Cytoplasm fills with ____
  2. Organelles begin to ___
  3. Fully keratinized cells are ___
  4. _____ form epidermal water barrier
A

Three to five layers of keratinocytes

  1. Cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments
  2. Organelles begin to degrade
  3. Fully keratinized cells are dead but strong
  4. Extracellular lipids form epidermal water barrier
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22
Q

stratum lucidum

____,____ region, ___ to ___ layers thick

Present only in….
–Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Cells lack organelles and are filled with _____, a transparent, intermediate product of ____ maturation

A

Thin, translucent region, two to three layers thick

Present only in thick skin
—Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Cells lack organelles and are filled with eleidin, a transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation

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23
Q

stratum corneum

Most ___ layer of epidermis

Thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of tightly packed cells

Comprised solely of _____
–Sloughed off by abrasion

A

Most superficial layer of epidermis

Thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of tightly packed cells

Comprised solely of dead, anucleate keratinocytes
—Sloughed off by abrasion

24
Q

Skin color is determined by three pigments

A

hemoglobin
melanin
carotene

25
Hemoglobin: ___pigment color is
blood | red
26
Melanin: Pigment produced by _____ 1. Increases with... 2. Relative amounts of 2 types of melanin give people different ____ - -All people have about same number of ____
Melanin: Pigment produced by melanocytes 1. Increases with exposure to ultraviolet radiation 2. Relative amounts of 2 types of melanin give people different complexions - --All people have about same number of melanocytes
27
Carotene: _____ pigment from foods such as carrots; it builds up in the skin
Carotene: Yellow-orange pigment from foods such as carrots; it builds up in the skin
28
variations in epidermis ``` Skin markings include: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```
Skin markings include: 1. Nevus: Also called a mole; localized overgrowth of melanocytes 2. Freckles: Yellow or brown spots of high melanocyte activity 3. Hemangioma: Proliferation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor 4. Friction ridges: Folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes; increase friction for grasping
29
dermis Lies deep to the ___ Composed of ___and ____connective tissues Two layers: ____: Superficial; adjacent to epidermis ____: Deeper and thicker layer
Lies deep to the epidermis Composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues Two layers: Papillary layer: Superficial; adjacent to epidermis Reticular layer: Deeper and thicker layer
30
papillary layer ____ of the dermis directly adjacent to the epidermis Composed of... ___ & ___interlock, increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis Dermal papillae contain ____ that supply nutrients to the ____
Superficial region of the dermis directly adjacent to the epidermis Composed of areolar connective tissue Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock, increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis Dermal papillae contain capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis
31
Reticular Layer of the Dermis ___ that forms the ___ of the dermis Comprised mainly of ____ ---____ project in all directions Includes many...
Deeper region that forms the majority of the dermis Comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue Large collagen bundles project in all directions Includes many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves
32
Majority of ___ & ___ are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations
Majority of collagen and elastic fibers are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations
33
Lines of cleavage identify the ... Clinical importance: Incisions....
Lines of cleavage identify the orientation of these fiber bundles (the collagen and elastic fibers that are oriented in parallel bundles) Clinical importance: Incisions across these lines heal more slowly than incisions along these lines
34
When skin is overstretched...
When skin is overstretched, collagen fibers may tear to form striae (stretch marks)
35
Ultraviolet light exposure and aging reduce ...., resulting in ____
Ultraviolet light exposure and aging reduce flexibility and thickness of the dermis, resulting in wrinkles
36
``` Nerve fibers are present in dermis Functions: 1. 2. 3. ```
Tactile (touch) receptors Control blood flow Control glandular secretion
37
innervation and blood supply Dermis contains ____ Supply nutrients to ____ Important in ....
Dermis contains blood vessels Supply nutrients to avascular epidermis Important in controlling body temperature
38
Vasoconstriction: Vasodilation:
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing blood vessel diameter; used to shunt blood away from periphery Vasodilation: Widening blood vessel diameter; used to move blood toward periphery for releasing heat
39
subcutaneous layer ___to the integument 1. Not actually part of the __ 2. Composed of___ & ___ Functions: 1. 2. 3.
Deep to the integument Not actually part of the integument Composed of areolar and adipose connective tissues Functions: 1. Protects underlying structures 2. Stores energy 3. Thermal insulation
40
Structures that are epidermal derivatives include:
nails hair exocrine glands of skin
41
NAILS Scalelike modifications of the _____ The nail plate has a ___free edge, a pinkish ___, and a nail root that is covered by the skin The nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the ___ Nail matrix: Lunula: White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened..
Scalelike modifications of the stratum corneum The nail plate has a whitish free edge, a pinkish nail body, and a nail root that is covered by the skin The nail body covers a layer of epidermis called the nail bed Nail matrix: Thickened growing part of the nail bed Lunula: White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
42
hair Pilus consists of... Three hair types include:
Pilus consists of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis (often projecting to subcutaneous layer) Three hair types include lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair
43
Zones that make up a hair: 1. 2. 3.
Zones that make up a hair: 1. Hair bulb: Deep swelling of epithelial cells where hair orginates 2. Hair root: Portion that is deep to skin surface 3. Hair shaft: Portion that extends beyond skin surface
44
HAIR ``` Hair production occurs at ___ A hair has different layers 1. 2. 3. ```
Hair production occurs at hair matrix A hair has different layers 1. Medulla: core of loose cells, air spaces 2. Cortex: several layers of hardened, flattened cells 3. Cuticle: outer coating
45
HAIR A ____ surrounds each hair ---Wall has connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheaths ___ muscles attach to hair shaft --Respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing “goose bumps”
A hair follicle surrounds each hair ---Wall has connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheaths Arrector pili muscles attach to hair shaft ----Respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing “goose bumps”
46
functions of hair
``` Protection Heat retention Sensory reception Visual identification Chemical signal dispersal ```
47
hair growth Three stages of hair growth cycle
Anagen phase: active growth at hair bulb Catagen phase: brief regression period (cell division ceases, follicle shrinks) Telogen phase: resting phase; usual phase when hair is shed
48
Alopecia is ____ ____caused by genetic and hormonal factors Hirsutism (airiness) is commonly caused by ____
Alopecia is hair thinning Male pattern baldness caused by genetic and hormonal factors Hirsutism (airiness) is commonly caused by excess androgens
49
Main types of cutaneous glands: 1. ____: Produce watery solution - --Merocrine and apocrine 2. ____: Produce oily secretions
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands: Produce watery solution Merocrine and apocrine Sebaceous glands: Produce oily secretions
50
functions of meroscrine sweat glands
Functions: Thermoregulation Secretion Protection
51
merocrine sweat glands Simple ____that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin’s surface - -Secretion is____% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system - -Numerous on palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
Simple coiled tubular glands that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin’s surface - --Secretion is 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system - --Numerous on palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
52
apocrine sweat glands Simple ____ glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region) - -Secretion is .... - -Bacterial growth causes ....
Simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region) - --Secretion is thick, cloudy, and composed of proteins and lipids - --Bacterial growth causes distinct odor in these regions
53
sebaceous glands Secrete ____ into ___ or directly onto ____ - -function? - -Relatively inactive during ____; sex hormones at puberty cause...
Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface - -Lubrication; prevents drying of hair and skin - -Relatively inactive during childhood; sex hormones at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly
54
Integument With age: 1. Skin repair... 2. __decreases; __declines 3. ____diminishes 4. Skin becomes ____
1. Skin repair takes longer 2. Collagen content decreases; elasticity declines 3. Immune responsiveness diminishes 4. Skin becomes drier
55
integument with age 5. Number of ___dereases; certain sun-exposed areas show .. 6. ____ output declines 7. _____ decreases 8. UV radiation damages....
5. Number of melanocytes dereases; certain sun-exposed areas show dark spots 6. Hair follicle output declines 7. Vitamin D synthesis decreases 8. UV radiation damages skin cell DNA
56
skin cancer 1. Skin cancer is... 2. _____ is predominant skin cancer risk factor 3. Three main types of skin cancer:
1. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer 2. Chronic sun exposure is predominant skin cancer risk factor 3. Three main types of skin cancer: - -Basal cell carcinoma - --Squamous cell carcinoma - ---Malignant melanoma
57
Basal cell carcinoma: Squamous cell carcinoma: Malignant melanoma:
Basal cell carcinoma: most common, least dangerous Starts in stratum basale Squamous cell carcinoma: may metastasize Starts in stratum spinosum Malignant melanoma: most deadly Starts from melanocytes (usually in a mole)

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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