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General Psychology > Chapter 1- intro to psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- intro to psychology Flashcards

1
Q

nature

A

Inherited biological makeup

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2
Q

nurture

A

the environment around you that shape behaviors, personality, and other characteristics.

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3
Q

Basic research

A

collecting data to support (or refute) theories. Often executed in the lab

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4
Q

Applied Research

A

focused on changing behaviors, outcomes, and real world applications. Conducted in natural settings

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5
Q

Psychology

A

the study of behavior and mental processes

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6
Q

Introspection

A

examination of ones conscious activities.

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7
Q

goals of psychology

A
  1. Describe
  2. Explain
  3. Predict
  4. Control Behavior
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8
Q

psychoanalytic perspective

A

Behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts. Created by Freud

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

determined form and most basic elements of the mind

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10
Q

Functionalism

A

focused on the function of thought processes, feelings, and behaviors and how they help us adapt to the environment

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11
Q

behaviorism

A

study of observable behavior

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12
Q

behavioral perspective

A

we tend to change our behavior based on the reaction given to the behavior. So if the behavior is given a negative response you will stop doing it and vise versa

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13
Q

pseudo psychology

A

explaining and predicting behavior or events with no evidence to support it

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14
Q

humanistic psychology

A

we are inherently good and by nature look to improve and grow

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15
Q

biological perspective

A

uses knowledge about physiological to explain behavior and mental processes. Explain how biological factors such as genes and hormones are involved in behavior and cognition

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16
Q

cognitive perspective

A

examines mental activities that direct behavior focusing on processes such as thinking memory and language

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17
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

behaviors and mental processes are shaped by the forces of evolution. shaped by natural selection

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18
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

social interactions and culture influence behavior and mental processes

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19
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

through the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

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20
Q

scientific method

A 
the process scientists use to conduct research 
a continuing cycle of:
exploration 
critical thinking
and systematic observation
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21
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that can be used to test a prediction

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22
Q

experiment

A

a controlled procedure that involves careful examination through the use of observation and or manipulation of variables

23
Q

theory

A

synthesizes observations in order to explain phenomena and guide predictions to be tested through research

24
Q

operational definition

A

the precise manner in which a variable of interest is defined and measured

25
Q

replicate

A

to repeat an experiment generally with a new sample or other changes to the procedures the goal of which is to provide further support for the findings of the first study

26
Q

variables

A

measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people

27
Q

population

A

all members of an identified group about which a researcher is interested

28
Q

sample

A

a subset of a population chosen for inclusion in an experiment

29
Q

random sample

A

a subset of the population chosen through a procedure that ensures all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

30
Q

representative sample

A

a subgroup of a population selected so that its members have characteristics similar to those of the population of interest

31
Q

descriptive research

A

research methods that describe and explore behaviors but with findings that can not definitively state cause and effect relationships

32
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

33
Q

observer bias

A

errors in recording of observations the result of a researchers value system expectations or attitudes

34
Q

case study

A

a type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group

35
Q

survey method

A

a type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data

36
Q

correlation method

A

a type of descriptive method examining the relationships among variables

37
Q

correlation

A

an association or relationship between two or more variables

38
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the statistical measure symbolized as r that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables

39
Q

third variable

A

an unaccounted for characteristic of participants or the environment that explains changes in the variables of interest

40
Q

experimental method

A

a type of research that manipulates a variable of interest to uncover cause and effect relationships

41
Q

random assignment

A

the process of appointing study participants to the experimental or control groups ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either

42
Q

experimental group

A

the members of an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable or manipulation by the researcher represents the treatment group

43
Q

control group

A

the participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable this is the comparison group

44
Q

independent variable

A

in the experimental method the variable manipulated be the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable

45
Q

dependent variable

A

in the experimental method the characteristic or response that is measured to determine the effect of the researcher’s manipulation

46
Q

extraneous variable

A

a characteristic of or the environment that could unexpectedly influence the outcome of a study

47
Q

confounding variable

A

a type of extraneous variable that changes in sync with the independent variable making it difficult to discern which is causing changes in the dependent variable

48
Q

double blind study

A

type of study in which neither the researcher who are administering the independent variable nor the participants know what type of treatment is being given

49
Q

placebo

A

an inert substance given to members of the control group the fake treatment that has no benefit but is administered as if it does

50
Q

experimenter bias

A

researchers expectations that influence the outcome of a study

51
Q

informed consent

A

acknowledgement from study participants that they understand what their participation will entail

52
Q

debriefing

A

sharing information with participants after their involvement in a study has ended including the purpose of the research and any deception used

53
Q

institutional review board

A

a committee that reviews research proposals to protect the rights and welfare of all participants

54
Q

positive psychology

A

an approach that focuses on the positive aspects of human beings and seeking to understand their strengths and uncover the roots of happiness creativity humor and so on

General Psychology (7 decks)

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