Chapter 6 - Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Brain processes involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

the process of information entering the memory system

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

follows encoding and is used for preserving information for possible recollection in the future

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

follows storage and is used to recall or reproduce the stored information once encoded and stored

Question 5

Levels of Processing

Answer 5

shallow- some physical features
intermediate- notice patterns and more detail
deep- thinking about meeting and how to relate it to past experiences

Question 6

Stages of memory

Answer 6

1. Sensory memory
2. Short term memory
3. Long term memory

Question 7

sensory memory

Answer 7

holds sensory stimuli for a short amount of time

Question 8

short term memory

Answer 8

can temporarily maintain and process limited information for slightly longer periods (approx 30 seconds)

Question 9

long term memory

Answer 9

unlimited capacity

can hold information indefinitely

Question 10

iconic memory

Answer 10

type of sensory memory that deals with visual impressions. they are photo-like in accuracy but dissolve in less than a second.

Question 11

eidetic memory

Answer 11

like photographic memory where people can recall situations with such detail after long periods of time as if they had a picture stored within their mind

Question 12

echoic memory

Answer 12

lasts for about one to ten seconds and are exact copies of the sounds we hear. A form of sensory memory.

Question 13

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

saying something repeatedly in order to prolong the amount of time the item stays in your STM.

Question 14

how many items can we realistically hold in our STM at a time?

Answer 14

magical number seven plus or minus two

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

grouping information into meaningful subsets to increase amount of information stored in the STM at one time

Question 16

working memory

Answer 16

active processing information in STM and the maintenance and manipulation of information in STM

Question 17

phonological loop

Answer 17

working with verbal information briefly when exposed with verbal stimuli
a part of the working memory
ex: when reading, or solving problems

Question 18

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 18

visual and spatial data briefly stored and manipulated

a part of the working memory

Question 19

central executive

Answer 19

determines which information is important, and to help organize and manipulate consciousness. Can only do one job at once so you cannot multitask simply switch tasks rapidly
part of the working memory

Question 20

episodic buffer

Answer 20

information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM are brought together temporarily under the detection of the central executive
part of the working memory

Question 21

Explicit memory

Answer 21

memory that you are aware of and can consciously express with words

Question 22

implicit memory

Answer 22

memory outside of awareness (automatic, unconscious, and difficult to bring to awareness and express)

Question 23

semantic memory

Answer 23

pertains to general facts about the world

a part of the explicit memory

Question 24

episodic memory

Answer 24

personal experiences

part of the explicit memory

Question 25

flashbulb memories

Answer 25

detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic, event. part of the episodic memory

Question 26

procedural memory

Answer 26

the memory of how to carry out an activity without conscious control or attention part of the implicit memory

Question 27

what are the techniques to improve memory

Answer 27

``` mnemonic method of loci hierarchical structures automatic and effortful processing elaborative rehearsal and visualization distributed practice sleep and memory ```

Question 28

mnemonic

Answer 28

a technique to improve memory examples: acronyms or the first letter technique

Question 29

method of loci

Answer 29

a technique to improve memory | taking a tour of a place you know well and leaving parts of the information in different places along the way

Question 30

hierarchical structures

Answer 30

a technique to improve memory | you arrange the material into a system of meaningful categories and subcategories

Question 31

automatic processing

Answer 31

a technique used to improve memory | data that your memory absorbs automatically

Question 32

effortful processing

Answer 32

a technique used to improve memory buckling down and working hard to commit things to memory encoding and storage of information with conscious effort or awareness

Question 33

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 33

a technique used to improve memory | the method of connecting incoming information to knowledge in LTM and deep level of encoding

Question 34

visualization

Answer 34

a technique used to improve memory | people remember verbal information better if it is paired with some type of vivd imagery

Question 35

Distributed practice

Answer 35

spreading study sessions over a period of time

Question 36

massed practice

Answer 36

cramming to learn all of the information in one secession

Question 37

Retrieval cues

Answer 37

stimuli that help you retrieve stored information that is difficult to access

Question 38

priming

Answer 38

a type of implicit memory, awakens memories with the help of retrieval cues

Question 39

recall

Answer 39

the process of retrieving information held in LTM without the help of explicit retrieval cues

Question 40

recognition

Answer 40

matching incoming data to information stored in LTM

Question 41

serial position effect

Answer 41

the ability to recall items in a list depends on where the item falls in the series

Question 42

primacy effect

Answer 42

tendency to remember items at the beginning of the list

Question 43

recency effect

Answer 43

tendency to remember items at the end of a list

Question 44

encoding specificity principle

Answer 44

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

Question 45

encoding failure

Answer 45

when information is never encoded in the first place so it is impossible to retrieve that information ex when you lose something because you dont remember where you put it down

Question 46

memory decay

Answer 46

information leaves your mind as you use it less and less

Question 47

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 47

retrieval failure that becomes more common with age

Question 48

proactive interference

Answer 48

old information interferes with new information

Question 49

retroactive interference

Answer 49

new information interferes with information learned in the past

Question 50

misinformation effect

Answer 50

the tendency for new and misleading information obtained after an incident to distort ones memory of it

Question 51

rich false memories

Answer 51

recollections of an event that never occurred which are expressed with emotions and confidence and include details

Question 52

anterograde amnesia

Answer 52

a type of memory loss an inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain

Question 53

retrograde amnesia

Answer 53

type of memory loss an inability to access memories formed prior to damage or injury to the brain or difficulty retrieving them

Question 54

memory trace

Answer 54

the location where memories are etched in the brain via physiological changes

Question 55

long term potentiation

Answer 55

the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories