Chapter 1-Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Bacteria

Question 0

What’s are the 6 kingdoms of organisms?

Answer 0

Archaebacteria, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Viridiplantae, and Bacteria

Question 1

What are the 3 Domains of organisms?

Answer 1

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

Question 2

What kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya?

Answer 2

Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Viridiplantae

Question 3

What kingdom is in the Domain Archaea?

Answer 3

Archaebacteria

Question 4

What kingdom is in the Domain Bacteria?

Answer 4

Bacteria

Question 5

What is a clade?

Answer 5

Group of organisms related by evolutionary descent

Question 6

What is a shared derived characteristic?

Answer 6

Characteristics unique to particular branch or clade

Question 7

What are cladistics?

Answer 7

Systematic procedure that constructs evolutionary trees based on shared derived characteristics

Question 8

What is the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Answer 8

These two organelles arose from one ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfing a prokaryotic cell

Question 9

What are 3 lines of evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 9

1. Presence of prokaryotic-like ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
2. Presence of prokaryotic form of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
3. ATP synthesis membrane-bound event in mitochondria and chloroplasts like in bacteria

Question 10

What are extremophiles?

Answer 10

From Domain Archaea and live in extreme environments

Question 11

Halophiles

Answer 11

Like salt (Great Salt Lake)

Question 12

Thermohiles

Answer 12

Like heat (hot springs)

Question 13

Methanogens

Answer 13

Live in swamps and intestines

Question 14

Mesophiles

Answer 14

Live in moderate temp. anaerobic environment, neutral pHs, low salinity

Question 15

What are general characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria (prokaryotes)?

Answer 15

No membrane-bound nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, no mitochondria, chloroplasts, or ER, contain genetic material in chromosome (which is circular, not bound and stabilized by histone proteins), no introns

Question 16

3 shapes of bacteria?

Answer 16

1. Coccus
2. Bacillus
3. Spriillum

Question 17

One other shape of bacteria?

Answer 17

Vibroid-comma-shaped or curved bacillus

Question 18

What does heterotrophic mean?

Answer 18

do no produce own energy but obtain from other organisms

Question 19

What are primary decomposers?

Answer 19

feeding on dead organic matter

Question 20

What does autotrophic mean?

Answer 20

make their own energy

Question 21

Where does a lithoautotroph get its energy?

Answer 21

rocks

Question 22

Where does a photoautotroph get its energy?

Answer 22

the sun

Question 23

What sybiotic relationship is when both members benefit?

Answer 23

mutualism

Question 24

Give an example of mutualism?

Answer 24

termites and their gut inhabitants (protozoan endosymbionts produce cellulase which live in gut of termites)

Question 25

How long have bacteria been on Earth?

Answer 25

3.5 bya

Question 26

T/F Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

T/F More than 1% of bacterial species are pathogenic to humans.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

How do bacteria divide?

Answer 28

binary fission

Question 29

What is binary fission?

Answer 29

pinching off of two cells from one

Question 30

Name the growth phases in order of bacteria.

Answer 30

Lag phase: curve increases slowly Exponential phase: speeds up Statoinonary phase: reaches carrying capacity Death phase: nutrients limited, wastes accumulates

Question 31

T/F Bacterial cells are hypo osmotic relative to their surroundings.

Answer 31

False-they are hyperosmotic

Question 32

Do animal cells have a wall?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

What are plant cell walls made up of?

Answer 33

cellulose, lignin, and other substances

Question 34

What are fungal cells made up of?

Answer 34

chitin

Question 35

What is the main component in a bacterial cell wall?

Answer 35

peptidoglycan

Question 36

What color do gram positive bacteria turn?

Answer 36

purple

Question 37

What color do gram negative bacteria turn?

Answer 37

pink

Question 38

What are the step to performa gram stain?

Answer 38

crystal violet, iodine, safranin

Question 39

Why do gram positive bacteria remain purple when applied a gram stain?

Answer 39

The peptidoglycan layer is very thick and does not break down the cell wall.

Question 40

What is a flat colony of cells surrounded by excreted polysaccharides?

Answer 40

biofilms

Question 41

What do Rhodospirillum rubric look like?

Answer 41

spiral-shaped, look like worms wiggling

Question 42

What kind of symbiotic relationship is when two or more dissimilar organisms live closely together?

Answer 42

symbiosis

Question 43

What kind of symbiotic relationship is when both organisms benefit?

Answer 43

mutualism

Question 44

The relationship between Rhizobium bacteria on nodules of pea family plants is what?

Answer 44

mutualism

Question 45

What are sensitivity plates used for?

Answer 45

to determine whether bacterial culture is sensitive or resistant to a specific antibiotic or other substance

Question 46

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

Answer 46

penicillin

Question 47

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 47

Alexander Fleming in 1929

Question 48

What are some characteristics of cyanobacteria?

Answer 48

photosynthetic containing pigments chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin, produced the earth's first free oxygen, fossils found from 3-3.5 by a, gelatinous matrix around them, live in moist/wet environments, primary producers, most have a symbiotic relationship with another organism

Question 49

Are cyanobacteria aka blue-green algae a type of algae or bacteria?

Answer 49

Bacteria, a prokaryote

Question 50

What does Oscillatoria look like?

Answer 50

looks like long rods with lines across that look like ladderrs

Question 51

What does Nostoc look like?

Answer 51

green in color, looks like beads on a necklace

Question 52

What does Merismopedia look like?

Answer 52

makes colony of squares, gelatinous matrix around cells

Question 53

What does Gleocapsa look like?

Answer 53

very small but looks like 5-6 cells inside a bigger cell

Question 54

What does Spirulina look like?

Answer 54

chains of squares that are green in color

Question 55

What are 5 characteristics of bacteria?

Answer 55

circular DNA, cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, binary fission, 3 main shapes, diverse and abundant

Question 56

How does bacteria become resistant to certain antibiotics?

Answer 56

natural selection

Question 57

Name 2 of 3 Domains.

Answer 57

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

Question 58

T/F Autotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

T/F Thermophiles love and often inhabit extremely salty environments.

Answer 59

False-Halophiles like salty environments and thermophiles like hot environments

Question 60

Name a form of cyanobacteria (3 types)

Answer 60

filamentous, colonial, etc.

Question 61

In order for natural selection to occur, what 3 processes need to occur?

Answer 61

variability in genotypes, inheritance of variability, and environmental testing/pressures