Chapter 4-Kingdome Viridiplantae (Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants) Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
T/F Land plants are the beginning of all terrestrial food chains?
A
True
2
Q
What are some things that land plants provide?
A
food, shelter, clothing, medicines, aesthetic value, oxygen, and many other things
3
Q
What are some main characteristics of land plants?
A
autotrophic, contain chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids
4
Q
What are some characteristics that link land plants to green algae?
A
same pigments (a, b, carotenoids), use of starch for energy storage, presence of cellulose in cell walls
5
Q
What is the habitat like for land plants?
A
terrestrial primarily, few aquatic tax derived from terrestrial ones
6
Q
What are some benefits of being a multicellular land plants?
A
improves surface area/volume ratio and reduces water loss
7
Q
What does a waxy cuticle do?
A
aboveground parts that reduce water loss, made up of chitin which is a substance that doesn’t allow water to pass
8
Q
Do all land plants have a waxy cuticle?
A
yes but some taxa it is only minimal or found on only some life cycle stages
9
Q
What do stomata do?
A
pores that can open and shut, regulate gas exchange and minimize water loss
10
Q
What type of life cycle do land plants have?
A
haplodiplontic life cycle (aka an alternation of generations)
11
Q
What are the terms of the 2 forms of generations?
A
gametophyte and sporophyte
12
Q
Which form is dominant in ancestral groups in the life cycle?
A
gametophyte
13
Q
Which form is dominant in recent-to-evolve groups?
A
sporophyte
14
Q
What does the sterile jacket layer provide?
A
surrounds reproductive structures (antheridia, archegonia, and sporangia), protects structures from desiccation
15
Q
T/F Spores are able to resist desiccation as well as go dormant?
A
True
16
Q
Where are embryos located in land plants?
A
protective structure, located in the “seed”, adaptation to terrestrial habitat
17
Q
What are the xylem and phloem?
A
conducting tissues that transport water and other materials around plant and allow it to grow away from immediately adjacent moisture
18
Q
Did the first group of land plants that evolved have all of these characteristics?
A
no
19
Q
What is a clade?
A
group of organisms related by descent
20
Q
What are cladistics?
A
a technique that constructs an evolutionary tree using shared derived characteristics
21
Q
What are shared derived characteristics?
A
unique to a particular clade or branch
22
Q
What is a characteristic that is unique to a particular brand or group called?
A
synapomorphy
23
Q
A cladogram is one form of a phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree. What is a another called that is based on overall similarity?
A
phenogram
24
Q
T/F An ancestral green algae is believed to have led to both modern green algae and all other members of the Kingdom Plantae.
A
False: Kingdom Viridiplantae
25
What types of plants are part of the Bryophytes?
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
26
Why are bryophytes called "amphibians of the land plants"?
live in moist environments and reproduction requires water
27
T/F Bryophytes are the most ancestral group of terrestrial plants.
True
28
How did bryophytes come to be?
green algal ancestors gradually moved onto land to become first bryophytes, first land plants
29
How far do the first bryophyte fossils date back to?
400 mya
30
Have spores been found that date back to 600 mya
no, 550 mya
31
When does fossil evidence indicate that plants, animals, and fungi colonized land?
500 mya
32
What was an advantage for plants moving to land?
few predators
33
What are characteristics of all bryophytes?
multicellular, reproductive structures surrounded by sterile jacket layer, plant embryo protected from desiccation, spores able to resist desiccation as well as dormant
34
Bryophytes are nonvascular. What does that mean?
do not have conducting tissues (xylem and phloem)
35
Why can't Bryophytes grow tall?
increase in height would take them out of moist microenvironment and strength of xylem cells necessary for support
36
Do nonvascular plants have leaves, roots, or stem?
no since they're defined as vascular tissue
37
What are the root-like structures called in Bryophytes?
rhizoids (composed of one to several cells)
38
What is the use of rhizoids?
anchoring the plant, not absorbing water or other materials
39
What is the plant body called in Bryophytes?
thallus
40
Is the gametophyte or sporophyte dominant in Bryophytes?
gametophyte which produces gametes
41
What are the sexual structures in Bryophytes?
multicellular antheridia (produces swimming biflagellated sperm), multicellular archegonia (produces eggs), and produces a zygote from fertilization
42
What happens in the sporophyte generation in Bryophytes?
produces spores, generation produced as a result of mitosis of the zygote, and remains attached to gametophyte (obtains nutrition)
43
Which phylum contains the liverworts?
Phylum Hepaticophyta
44
The liverworts are the earliest known plants. When do the earliest fossils date back from?
400 mya
45
Where can liverworts be found?
in moist environments (on soil, trunks, and rocks)
46
What are the 2 general forms of liverworts?
thallose and leafy
47
T/F Leafy species exist in temperate zones and thallose exist worldwide.
False: leafy is worldwide and thanes in temperate zones
48
What do thallose liverworts look like?
inconspicuous and flat, branches dichotomously (unusual for plants), bilaterally symmetric, small and measured in mm or cm
49
Water are some other characteristics of liverworts?
surface is cutinized, thallus contains one pores that cannot close, gases can be exchanged and water can escape, sporophyte contains no pores,
50
Describe asexual reproduction in liverworts.
either by fragmentation or though production of gamma cups, small cup-like structures produce gamma, these pieces of gametophytic tissue can be splashed out by rain and grow into new plants
51
Describe the alternation of generations in liverworts.
gametophyte is dominant, most are dioecious meaning that the female and male parts exist on different plants; female have archegoniophores that bear archegonia on lower surface and archegonium contains one egg, male have antheridiophores that bear antheridia in upper surface, antheridium contain many sperm
52
Which phylum contain the true mosses?
Phylum Bryophyta
53
When do the earliest mosses date back to?
300 mya
54
What type of habitats do mosses live?
moist habitats (soil, trunks, roofs, and bird nests), large mats sometimes, tolerate less moisture than liverworts, some live in harsh environments, some can survive in dry places like deserts, Antarctic taxa survive freezing and darkness
55
How do sperm in mosses get to the egg.
swim, reproduction limited to when water available
56
T/F The thallus in mosses is erect and non symmetrical.
False: it is symmetrical
57
Which form is dominant?
gametophyte, thin, leaf-like structures that remain close to water, measured mm and cm
58
What are some other characteristics of mosses?
many have stomata on sporophyte and stay open generally, gametophyte does not have stomata, conducting cells in gametophyte and sporophyte, leaves partially covered by cuticle
59
Describe the life cycle of mosses.
alternation of generations life cycle, most dioecious, archegonia born at tips of female gametophytes and antheridia born at tips of male gametophyte not on "phores" (branches) as in liverworts, fertilization by swimming or splashed sperm; sporophyte (consisting of seta (stalk) and capsule, arises from fertilized egg on tip of female gametophyte, meiosis occurs in capsule producing spores, asexual reprod. by fragmention
60
What are mosses used for?
stabilize soil, reduces erosion, pioneer species after lichens,
61
What is interesting about sphagnum moss?
found in bogs, spongy wet ground with much decaying material, absorbent and acidic, used as a wound dressing in WWI and by aboriginal peoples for disinfectant and diaper purposes
62
Which phylum contains the hornworts?
Phylum Anthocerophyta
63
What are hornworts named for?
sporophyte shaped like an elongated tapered horn emerging from the gametophyte
64
What is unusual about the gametophyte in hornworts?
flat and less than the size of a dime
65
What are characteristics of sporophytes in hornworts?
indeterminate growth and can grow for several months
66
What are habitats common for hornworts?
unplowed fields and eroded locations
67
What are some other characteristics of hornworts?
stomata on sporophyte that can open and shut reducing water loss, cutting in epidermal cells reducing water loss
68
What mutualistic relationship do some hornworts participate in?
nitrogen-fixing Nostoc living in cavities in the plant
69
What 2 phyla are seedless vascular plants?
Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pterophyta
70
When do the oldest fossils date back for seedless vascular plants?
410 mya
71
T/F Seedless vascular plants have xylem and phloem that do not produce seeds.
True
72
What does the xylem do?
transport necessary substances and to support themselves against gravity, conducts water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant
73
What does the phloem do?
conducts photosynthates (sugars) from the photosynthetic parts of the plant elsewhere, allows roots to be nourished and grow deeper
74
What does lignin help with?
makes cell walls stronger, helping support of the plant
75
What are benefits from being a seedless vascular plant and not relying on water?
grow elsewhere, grow tall, disperse pores, larger geographic ranges
76
Do seedless vascular plants still have swimming sperm?
yes
77
Since vascular plants have vascular tissue, do they have true roots, stems, and leaves?
yes
78
Which form is dominant in the alternation of generations life cycle?
sporophyte
79
What happens in the alternation of generations life cycle for seedless vascular plants?
most have sporophylls (evolved from leaves) that bear sporangia, sporangia produce spores, gametophyte produce antheridia and/or archegonia
80
Which phylum include the club mosses?
Phylum Lycophyta
81
What did the club mosses form that are important?
coal deposits
82
T/F Club mosses are diminutive plants.
True
83
What are some characteristics of club mosses?
several cm in height, have rhizomes, aboveground branches covered with leaves called microphylls that are small and single-veined
84
What are rhizomes?
horizontal underground stems that give rise to vertical branches
85
How can asexual reprod. occur in club mosses?
if part of a rhizome becomes detached from rest of plant
86
Which form is dominant in club mosses?
sporophyte
87
Describe the alternation of generations cycle in club mosses?
sporophylls bearing sporangia grouped into storable (cones) at end of branches, sporangia produce spores, some lycophytes have 2 spores (microspores give rise to male gametophyte and megaspores produce female gametophyte), heterosporous (all seed plants)
88
Which phylum do the horsetails, whisk ferns, and true ferns belong to?
Phylum Pterophyta
89
Which form is dominant in the life cycle in Phylum Pterophyta?
sporophyte
90
What other names are there for horsetails?
scouring rushes and snakegrass
91
What gives horsetails their name?
many branches make stem look like bushy horse's tail
92
What are some characteristics of horsetails?
numerous vertical stems grow from horizontal rhizome tat is hard to eradicate if growing as weeds; stems are jointed, ribbed, and photosynthesis, silica in epidermal cells of these plants made them useful to pioneers for cleaning pans and polishing hardwood floors, leaves are the small dark structures at the joints
93
Describe the alternation of generations cycle in horsetails.
spores are produced in sporangia, located on sporangiophores (phore=branch) in strobilus (cone-like structure) at tip of stem; spores have surface extensions called elates, elators move in response to changes in humidity, presumable helping to free spores form their sporangium and perhaps aiding in flight
94
What are elators used for?
dispersal
95
Where does Psilotum whisk ferns live?
in U.S. (TX to FL and Hawaii)
96
What do whisk ferns look like?
whisk brooms with numerous upright and branched stems, plant body lacks true roots and leaves
97
Where does photosynthesis occur in whisk ferns?
green stems
98
What are characteristics of true ferns?
herbaceous and not woody, perennial; vary in size from mm to 25 meters; horizontal rhizome which leaves grow,
99
Where do true ferns live?
shady forests, some are epiphytes (live on plants but do not hurt them), occasionally in desert of SW Idaho, slightly moister microhabitats
100
What are leaves called in true ferns?
fronds, generally large
101
What are sections called?
leaflets (pinnae)
102
What is a young frond called?
fiddlehead, breaks through soil in cold position which resembles a fiddle
103
What do stomata do on leaves of true ferns?
regulate gas exchange
104
What form is dominant in true ferns?
sporophyte
105
What are sori on true ferns sometimes mistaken as?
insects or insect eggs and gets thrown away because owner thinks it's sick
106
Sporangium that has specialized cells in a medial position called what?
annulus
107
Where are sori located on ferns?
normal leaves or on specialized leaves
108
What does the gametophyte generation in true ferns look like?
heart-shaped and smaller (measured in mm)
109
What is the gametophyte generation in true ferns called?
prothallus
110
What does the portholes produce?
antheridia and archegonia; if a zygote produced, grows into sporophyte; sporophyte dwarfs tiny gametophyte so no gametophyte associated with adult sporophytes
